Abstract
Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.
Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag bietet eine Übersicht über reaktionszeitbasierte (“implizite”) Verfahren der Einstellungsmessung, orientiert an der Frage, mit welchen Absichten und Hoffnungen diese Methoden entwickelt und eingesetzt wurden und werden. Dabei stehen drei Hoffnungen im Mittelpunkt: (1) die Hoffnung auf alternative bzw. bessere Maße zur Erfassung interindividueller Unterschiede in Einstellungen verglichen mit Selbstberichtmaßen; (2) die Hoffnung, auf bessere Verhaltensvorhersagen bzw. Vorhersagen anderer Verhaltensaspekte als mit Selbstberichtverfahren; (3) die Hoffnung auf eine direktere Anbindung sozial-kognitiver Theorien an empirische Forschung. Wir argumentieren, dass dieser letzte Aspekt die Basis der Anwendung dieser Verfahren sein muss. Jeder Versuch der Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung dieser Methoden sollte die Suche nach Theorien zur Erklärung der zugrunde liegenden Prozesse beinhalten. Gegenwärtig sind solche Prozessmodelle nicht für alle Verfahren gleichermaßen gut entwickelt.
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