Consuming Diet Supplemented with Either Red Wheat Bran or Soy Extract Changes Glucose and Insulin Levels in Female Obese Zucker Rats
Abstract
Abstract. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the inability to regulate blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance, resulting in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Research has shown that consuming soy and fiber may protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus. We performed a study to determine whether supplementing diet with soy extract (0.5% weight of diet) or fiber (as red wheat bran; 11.4% weight of diet) would decrease serum insulin and blood glucose levels in a pre-diabetic/metabolic syndrome animal model. In our study, female obese Zucker rats were fed either a control diet (n = 8) or control diet supplemented with either soy extract (n = 7) or red wheat bran (n = 8) for seven weeks. Compared to rats consuming control diet, rats fed treatment diets had significantly lower (p-value < 0.05) fasting serum insulin (control = 19.34±1.6; soy extract = 11.1±1.54; red wheat bran = 12.4±1.11) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values (control = 2.16±0.22; soy extract = 1.22±0.21; red wheat bran = 1.54±0.16). Non-fasted blood glucose was also significantly lower (p-value < 0.05) in rats fed treatment diets compared to rats consuming control diet at weeks four (control = 102.63±5.67; soy extract = 80.14±2.13; red wheat bran = 82.63±3.16), six (control = 129.5±10.83; soy extract = 89.14±2.48; red wheat bran = 98.13±3.54), and seven (control = 122.25±8.95; soy extract = 89.14±4.52; red wheat bran = 84.75±4.15). Daily intake of soy extract and red wheat bran may protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus by maintaining normal glucose homeostasis.
References
1 (2012) Type 2 diabetes: an epidemic requiring global attention and urgent action. Diabetes Care. 35, 943–944.
2 . (2013) Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012. Diabetes Care. 36, 1033–1046.
3 (2007) Patient perceptions of quality of life with diabetes-related complications and treatments. Diabetes Care. 30, 2478–2483.
4 (2009) Development of life-expectancy tables for people with type 2 diabetes. Eur Heart J. 30, 834–839.
5 (2010) Glycemic control and complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 123, S3–S11.
6 (2010) Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: the missing links. The Claude Bernard Lecture 2009. Diabetologia. 53, 1270–1287.
7 (2008) Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart or the horse? Diabetes Care. 31, S262–S268.
8 (2007) Role of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in the development of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 99, 6B–14B.
9 (2000) Physiology of glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2, 345–350.
10 (2007) Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 167, 956–965.
11 (2015) Dietary fibre and incidence of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries: the EPIC-InterAct Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetologia. 58, 1394–1408.
12 (2012) Soy intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese Singaporeans [corrected]. Eur J Nutr. 51, 1033–1040.
13 (2008) Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 87, 162–167.
14 (2003) Association of edentulism and diet and nutrition in US adults. J Dent Res. 82, 123–126.
15 (2008) Associations of the local food environment with diet quality–a comparison of assessments based on surveys and geographic information systems: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 167, 917–924.
16 (2012) Dietary intake and dietary quality of low-income adults in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am J Clin Nutr. 96, 977–988.
17 (1999) Analysis of phyto-oestrogens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 7, 221–225.
18 (2011) Lesser in vitro anaerobic cecal isoflavone disappearance was associated with greater apparent absorption of daidzein and genistein in Golden Syrian hamsters. Food Funct. 2, 273–278.
19 (2010) Microarray analysis reveals effects on important biological pathways in the liver of mice fed a dietary soy isoflavone concentrate. The FASEB Journal. 24, 924.
20 (1992) Magnesium and calcium absorption in Fischer-344 rats influenced by changes in dietary fibre (wheat bran), fat and calcium. Magnes Res. 5, 15–21.
21 (1992) Comparison of the effects of ispaghula and wheat bran on rat caecal and colonic fermentation. Gut. 33, 1229–1233.
22 (1999) Studies on the mechanism of cancer protection by wheat bran: effects on the absorption, metabolism and excretion of the food carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4, 5-f]quinoline (IQ). Carcinogenesis. 20, 2253–2260.
23 (2016) Gene Expression Patterns Are Altered in Athymic Mice and Metabolic Syndrome Factors Are Reduced in C57BL/6J Mice Fed High-Fat Diets Supplemented with Soy Isoflavones. J Agric Food Chem. 64, 7492–7501.
24 (2009) Ileal interposition improves glucose tolerance in low dose streptozotocin-treated diabetic and euglycemic rats. Obes Surg. 19, 96–104.
25 (2005) (+)-Z-Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid ameliorates obesity and the metabolic syndrome in female ZDF rats. Obes Res. 13, 1915–1924.
26 (2009) Standard operating procedures for serum and plasma collection: early detection research network consensus statement standard operating procedure integration working group. J Proteome Res. 8, 113–117.
27 (2015) Sampling blood from the lateral tail vein of the rat. J Vis Exp. doi: 10.3791/52766
28 . (2012)
Annex 3 Collection, storage and shipment of specimens for laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of results . In WHO Regional Office for EuropeEds., Surveillance Guidelines for Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the WHO European Region Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143256/. Geneva: WHO29 . (2005) Manual on the management, maintenance and use of blood cold chain equipment. Geneva, Switzerland.
30 (2013) Age-Related Differences in Response to High-Fat Feeding on Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Profile in ZDSD Rats. ISRN Obes. doi: 10.1155/2013/584547
31 (1984) Specific depletion of body fat in parabiotic partners of tube-fed obese rats. Am J Physiol. 247, R380–R386
32 (1963) A simplified method for sampling small animal carcassess for analyses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 113, 973–977.
33 (1990) Blood glucose area under the curve. Methodological aspects. Diabetes Care. 13, 172–175.
34 (2008) Evaluating the glucose tolerance test in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 295, E1323–E1332.
35 (2011) Impact of early fructose intake on metabolic profile and aerobic capacity of rats. Lipids Health Dis. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-3
36 (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 28, 412–419.
37 (2008) Glucose metabolism in vivo in four commonly used inbred mouse strains. Diabetes. 57, 1790–1799.
38 (1989) The Zucker fatty rat as a genetic model of obesity and hypertension. Hypertension. 13, 896–901.
39 (2005) Obesity promotes 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumor development in female zucker rats. Breast Cancer Res. 7, R627–R633.
40 (2009) Experimental rat models to study the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr. 102, 1246–1253.
41 (2013) Cardiovascular changes in animal models of metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Res. doi: 10.1155/2013/761314
42 (1991) Insulin resistance of obese Zucker rats exercise trained at two different intensities. Am J Physiol. 261, E613–E619.
43 (1993) Modification of insulin resistance by diazoxide in obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology. 133, 705–712.
44 (1996) Antiobesity effect of diazoxide in obese Zucker rats. Metabolism. 45, 334–341.
45 (2000) Diazoxide down-regulates leptin and lipid metabolizing enzymes in adipose tissue of Zucker rats. FASEB J. 14, 455–460.
46 (2001) Effects of clenbuterol on insulin resistance in conscious obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 280, E554–E561.
47 (2014) alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of isoflavanones, isoflavones, and pterocarpans from Mucuna pruriens. Planta Med. 80, 604–608.
48 (2001) Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. FEBS Lett. 501, 84–86.
49 (2008) Effect of genistein, a soy isoflavone, on whole body insulin sensitivity and renal damage induced by a high-fructose diet. Ren Fail. 30, 645–654.
50 (2007) Pancreatic insulin secretion in rats fed a soy protein high fat diet depends on the interaction between the amino acid pattern and isoflavones. J Biol Chem. 282, 20657–20666.
51 (1997) Dietary soy protein and estrogen replacement therapy improve cardiovascular risk factors and decrease aortic cholesteryl ester content in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Metabolism. 46, 698–705.
52 (2010) Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health. Nutrients. 2, 1266–1289.
53 (1983) Rapid enzymatic assay of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. J Agric Food Chem. 31, 476–482.
54 (1988) Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber in foods and food products: interlaboratory study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 71, 1017–1023.
55 (1998) Mechanisms by which wheat bran and oat bran increase stool weight in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 68, 711–719.
56 (2013) Fiber and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 108, 718–727.
57 (2013) The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res. 54, 2325–2540.
58 (2008) International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care. 31, 2281–2303.
59 (2002) International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 76, 5–56.
60 (1981) Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 34, 362–366.
61 (1986) The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals. Am J Clin Nutr. 43, 167–172.
62 (1996) Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index. J Nutr. 126, 2807–2812.
63 (2013) Effect of stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil on fatty acid profile and metabolic parameters in lean and obese Zucker rats. Lipids Health Dis. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-12-147
64 (2011) Assessing adiposity: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 124, 1996–2019.
65 (1991) Treatment for obesity: a nutrient balance/nutrient partition approach. Nutr Rev. 49, 33–45.
66 (2004) Lipid metabolism and nutrient partitioning strategies. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord. 3, 411–430.
67 (1993) Dietary fat and fiber alter large bowel and portal venous volatile fatty acids and plasma cholesterol but not biliary steroids in pigs. J Nutr. 123, 133–143.
68 (2015) The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. Int J Obes. 39, 1331–1338.
69 (2012) Wheat bran: its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 63, 1001–1013.
70 (2004) Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. 79, 727–747.
71 (2009) Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hippokratia. 13, 9–19.
72 (2007) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 30, 2940–2944.
73 (2014) Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Dietary Therapeutical Approaches with a Special Focus on Nutraceuticals (Polyphenols): A Mini-Review. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 84, 113–123.
74 (2006) Atherogenic dyslipidemia associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Clin Cornerstone. 8, S21–S27.
75 (2013) Atherogenic dyslipidemia. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 17, 969–976.
76 (2010) Metabolic syndrome is a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 5, 577–592.
77 (2011) Drinking carrot juice increases total antioxidant status and decreases lipid peroxidation in adults. Nutr J. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-96
78 (2014) Drinking orange juice increases total antioxidant status and decreases lipid peroxidation in adults. J Med Food. 17, 612–617.
79 (2016) Salivary and Urinary Total Antioxidant Capacity as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans. Patholog Res Int. doi: 10.1155/2016/5480267
80 (2009) Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome. Life Sci. 84, 705–712.
81 (2004) Adiponectin as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. Circ J. 68, 975–981.
82 (2006) Adiponectin: a key adipocytokine in metabolic syndrome. Clin Sci. 110, 267–278.
83 (2007) Adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome: mechanisms mediating risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 18, 263–270.