Abstract
Soziale Wahrnehmung, Kommunikation und Interaktion erfordern eine effiziente Analyse und Repräsentation personenbezogener Informationen. Dabei transportieren vor allem Gesichter und Stimmen eine Vielzahl sozial relevanter Informationen, etwa über die Identität einer Person, Emotionen, Geschlecht, Alter, Attraktivität, ethnische Zugehörigkeit oder momentaner Aufmerksamkeitsfokus. Trotz dieses Wissens sind die perzeptuellen Mechanismen der Wahrnehmung komplexer sozialer Stimuli erst in den letzten Jahren systematischer untersucht worden. Diese Entwicklung wurde vorallem durch (1) die Verfügbarkeit sophistizierter Reizmanipulationstechniken (z. B. Bild-, Video- und Stimmen-Morphing, Karikierung, und Mittelungstechniken) sowie (2) die Verfügbarkeit von Messmethoden der kognitiven und sozialen Neurowissenschaften ermöglicht. In diesem Artikel fassen wir den aktuellen Forschungsstand der Wahrnehmung von Personen, besonders bezüglich Gesichter und Stimmen, zusammen. Dabei diskutieren wir ausgewählte Beispiele aktueller Forschung, und legen dar, wie sich die Personenwahrnehmung zu einem zentralen Thema psychologischer Forschung entwickelt hat. Neue Evidenz zeigt, dass sozial relevante perzeptuelle Informationen in Gesichtern oder Stimmen nicht nur erste Eindrücke über Personen erzeugen, sondern dass diese Eindrücke auch moderate Validität aufweisen, so dass Gesichter oder Stimmen als „Fenster zur Person” betrachtet werden können. Wir argumentieren, dass weitere Fortschritte in anderen Feldern der sozialen Kognitionsforschung, welche reale oder virtuelle Agenten berücksichtigen (z. B. Theory of Mind Forschung, soziale Kategorisierung, menschliche Entscheidungen) von einer Berücksichtigung fazialer oder stimmlicher Informationen in der Personenwahrnehmung profitieren.
Human social perception, communication, and interaction all require the efficient analysis and representation of person-related information. Faces or voices convey a large variety of socially relevant information, including a person’s identity, emotions, gender, age, attractiveness, ethnic group, or focus of attention. However, perceptual mechanisms for processing such complex social stimuli have only recently become the focus of more systematic research. This development was arguably facilitated (1) by the availability of sophisticated stimulus manipulation techniques (e. g., image-, video-, and voice-morphing, caricaturing, and averaging) allowing researchers to create completely naturalistic person stimuli in which perceptual social cues are nevertheless under precise experimental control, and (2) by the availability of methods from the cognitive and social neurosciences. Here we review the current status of the field of person perception. In doing so, we discuss selected examples of highly active areas of research and show how person perception currently has developed into a central topic within psychological research. Evidence is emerging to suggest that perceptual social cues in faces or voices are not only spontaneously used to promote first impressions about people, but also that such impressions can show a degree of validity, suggesting that faces or voices can be seen as windows to the person behind. Accordingly, we argue that progress in other fields of social cognition that deal with real or virtual agents (e. g., theory of mind research, social categorization, human decision-making) will be enhanced by considering more strongly the influences of perceptual facial or vocal person information.
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