Skip to main content
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000186

Zusammenfassung. Erfolgreiches Lernen aus Fehlern setzt einen adaptiven Umgang mit Fehlern voraus: Als affektiv-motivational adaptiv wird die Aufrechterhaltung der Motivation sowie günstiger Lernemotionen angesehen, während sich handlungsadaptive Fehlerreaktionen auf geeignete Lernhandlungen und -strategien zur tieferen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Fehler und dessen Korrektur beziehen. Neben individuellen Merkmalen des Lernenden wird ein solch adaptiver Umgang mit Fehlern maßgeblich vom sozialen Kontext mitbestimmt. Obwohl Klassenkamerad_innen einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des sozialen Lernkontextes von Jugendlichen ausmachen, wurde in Forschungsarbeiten zum Fehlerklima bisher vorrangig das Lehrkraftverhalten (im Umgang mit Mitschülerreaktionen) in den Blick genommen. Demgegenüber stehen empirische und entwicklungspsychologische Evidenzen, dass Peerbeziehungen insbesondere im Jugendalter eine zentrale Stellung – auch für die Übernahme schulischer Überzeugungen und Verhaltensweisen – einnehmen. Basierend auf einer Stichprobe von 270 Schüler_innen der 5. – 7. Jahrgangsstufe wurde untersucht, inwiefern dyadische reziproke Freundschaften innerhalb der Klasse im Zusammenhang mit dem Umgang mit Fehlern und somit auch indirekt mit der Leistung von Schüler_innen stehen. Dazu wurde von jeder_m Jugendlichen die beste Freundin bzw. der beste Freund innerhalb der Klasse nominiert und alle Schüler_innen mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens zu deren individuellem Umgang mit Fehlern in Mathematik und Englisch befragt. Als Leistungsmaß wurde die Schulaufgabennote in beiden Unterrichtsfächern herangezogen. Ergebnisse von Strukturgleichungsmodellen ergaben positive Zusammenhänge zwischen dem adaptiven Fehlerumgang befreundeter Jugendlicher, sowie indirekte Effekte auf die Leistung. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sich in beiden Unterrichtsfächern und ergänzen bisherige Erkenntnisse zu den sozialen Faktoren, die das schulische Lernverhalten beeinflussen.


Friendships in the Classroom and Their Importance for Adaptive Individual Dealing with Errors

Abstract. Learning from errors can be effective – provided that learners are able to deal with them in an adaptive manner. Affective-motivational adaptive reactions following errors encompass the maintenance of motivation and activating learning emotions, whereas action adaptivity of error reactions comprises the adaptation of one’s learning behavior and metacognitive activities, including a detailed analysis of the error at hand and its correction. Besides individual determinants, the social context has an important impact on students’ adaptive dealing with errors. Although classmates constitute an essential part of students’ social learning context, research on error climate has primarily focused on teachers’ error-management behavior in class. There is empirical evidence from developmental psychology that peer relationships play a particularly central role in adolescence – also for the adoption of academic motivational orientations and learning behavior. On the basis of a sample of 270 students (Grades 5 – 7), we investigated the impact of reciprocal, dyadic friendships in classes on students’ individual dealing with errors and the indirect effects on achievement. Friendship dyads were identified through peer-nominations. Self-reported individual reactions to errors were analyzed domain-specifically (in mathematics and English as a foreign language). Exam grades were used as an indicator for domain-specific achievement. Using structural equation modeling, we found positive associations between students’ adaptive individual reactions following errors and those of their best friends, as well as indirect effects on achievement. The results were consistent over both school subjects, and they expand previous findings on the social factors that impact students’ learning behavior.

Literatur

  • Altermatt, E. R. & Broady, E. F. (2009). Coping with achievement-related failure: An examination of conversations between friends. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Journal of Developmental Psychology, 55, 454 – 487. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Altermatt, E. R. & Kenney-Benson, G. A. (2006). Friends’ influence on school adjustment: A review of three perspectives. In Mitel, A. V. (Ed.). Trends in Educational Psychology (pp. 137 – 153). New York: Nova Science. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Altermatt, E. R. & Pomerantz, E. M. (2003). The development of competence-related and motivational beliefs: An investigation of similarity and influence among friends. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 111 – 123. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Arbuckle, J. (1996). Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In Marcoulides, G. A.Schumacker, R. E. (Eds.). Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 243 – 277). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Asparouhov, T. & Muthén, B. (2005). Multivariate Statistical Modeling with Survey Data. Proceedings of the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology (FCSM) Research Conference. Retrieved from https://statmodel.com/download/2005FCSM.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bandura, A. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In van Lange, P. A. M. (Ed.). Handbook of theories of social psychology. (Vol. 1, pp. 349 – 375). Los Angeles: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497 – 529. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Baumgartner, A., Dresel, M., Dußler, J., Schumann, S. & Seifried, J. (2015). Fehlerklima und individueller Umgang mit Fehlern im Ausbildungsbetrieb. Zeitschrift für Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik, 111, 379 – 397. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends’ influence on students’ adjustment to school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15 – 28. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berndt, T. J. & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends’ influence on adolescents’ adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312 – 1329. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berndt, T. J., Laychak, A. E. & Park, K. (1990). Friends’ influence on adolescents’ academic achievement motivation: An experimental study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 664 – 670. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boekaerts, M. (1999). Self-regulated learning: Where we are today. International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 445 – 457. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bot, S. M., Engels, R. C., Knibbe, R. A. & Meeus, W. H. (2005). Friend’s drinking behavior and adolescent alcohol consumption: The moderating role of friendship characteristics. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 929 – 947. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, B. & Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In Lerner, R.Steinberg, L. (Eds.). Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 74 – 103). New York: Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bukowski, W. M., Brendgen, M. & Vitaro, F. (2007). Peers and socialization: Effects on externalizing and internalizing problems. In Grusec, J. E.Hastings, P. D. (Eds.). Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 355 – 381). New York: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Corcoran, K., Crusius, J. & Mussweiler, T. (2011). Social comparison: Motives, standards, and mechanisms. In Chadee, D. (Ed.). Theories in social psychology (pp. 119 – 139). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Costanza, R. S., Derlega, V. J. & Winstead, B. A. (1988). Positive and negative forms of social support: Effects of conversational topics on coping with stress among same-sex friends. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 182 – 193. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dickhäuser, O. & Plenter, I. (2005). „Letztes Halbjahr stand ich zwei“. Zur Akkuratheit selbst berichteter Noten. Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 19, 219 – 224. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Dresel, M., Schober, B., Ziegler, A., Grassinger, R. & Steuer, G. (2013). Affektiv-motivational adaptive und handlungsadaptive Reaktionen auf Fehler im Lernprozess. Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 27, 255 – 271. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Epstein, J. L. (1983). Examining theories of adolescent friendship. In Epstein, J. L.Karweit, N. L. (Eds.). Friends in school (pp. 39 – 61). San Diego: Academic Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fend, H. (2001). Entwicklungspsychologie des Jugendalters (2. Aufl.). Opladen: Leske + Budlich. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7, 117 – 140. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gasser-Steiner, P. & Freidl, W. (1995). Soziale Netzwerke und soziale Unterstützung. In Frischenschlage, O.Hexel, M.Kantner-Rumplmair, W. (Hrsg.). Lehrbuch der Psychosozialen Medizin (S. 69 – 76). Wien: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gest, S. D., Davidson, A. J., Rulison, K. L., Moody, J. & Welsh, J. A. (2007). Features of groups and status hierarchies in girls’ and boys’ early adolescent peer networks. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 118, 43 – 60. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Graham, S. & Williams, C. (2009). An attributional approach to motivation in school. In Wentzel, K. R.Wigfield, A. (Eds.). Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 11 – 33). New York, NY: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Grassinger, R., Steuer, G., Berner, V. D., Zeinz, H., Scheunpflug, A. & Dresel, M. (2015). Ausprägung und Entwicklung adaptiver Reaktionen auf Fehler in der Sekundarstufe. Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 29, 215 – 225. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Hartup, W. W. (1989). Social relationships and their developmental significance. American Psychologist, 44, 2, 120 – 126. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hascher, T. & Hagenauer, G. (2010). Lernen aus Fehlern. In Spie, C.Reiman, R.Schober, B.Wagner, P. (Hrsg.). Bildungspsychologie (S. 377 – 381). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hasselhorn, M. & Labuhn, A. S. (2008). Metakognition und selbstreguliertes Lernen. In Schneider, W.Hasselhorn, M. (Hrsg.). Handbuch der Pädagogischen Psychologie (S. 28 – 37). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • HBSC-Studienverbund Deutschland (2015). Studie Health Behaviour in School-aged Children – Faktenblatt „Schulische Belastung von Kindern und Jugendlichen“. http://www.gbe-bund.de/pdf/Fakteubl_schulische_belastungen_2013_14.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Järvelä, S., Volet, S. & Järvenoja, H. (2010). Research on motivation in collaborative learning: Moving beyond the cognitive–situative divide and combining individual and social processes. Educational Psychologist, 45, 15 – 27. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kandel, D. B. (1978). Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 427 – 436. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kanfer, R. & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative / aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 657 – 690. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Keith, N. & Frese, M. (2008). Effectiveness of error management training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 59 – 69. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A. & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kessels, U. & Hannover, B. (2009). Gleichaltrige. In Wild, E.Möller, J. (Hrsg.). Pädagogische Psychologie (S. 283 – 304). Heidelberg: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kindermann, T. A. & Skinner, E. A. (2009). How do naturally existing peer groups shape children’s academic development during sixth grade? European Journal of Psychological Science, 3, 31 – 43. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kreutzmann, M., Zander, L. & Hannover, B. (2014). Der Umgang mit Fehlern auf Klassen- und Individualebene. Zusammenhänge mit Selbstwirksamkeit, Anstrengungsbereitschaft und Lernfreude von Schülerinnen und Schülern. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 46, 101 – 113. First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Ladd, G. W. & Emerson, E. S. (1984). Shared knowledge in children’s friendships. Developmental Psychology, 20, 932 – 940. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G. & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151 – 173. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L. & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173 – 181. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mantzicopoulos, P. (1997). Coping with school failure: Characteristics of children employing successful and unsuccessful coping strategies. Psychology in the Schools, 27, 138 – 143. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mathan, S. A. & Koedinger, K. R. (2005). Fostering the intelligent novice: Learning from errors with metacognitive tutoring. Educational Psychologist, 40, 257 – 265. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McDougall, P. & Hymel, S. (2007). Same-gender versus cross-gender friendship conceptions: Similar or different? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 347 – 380. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Meyer, L., Seidel, T. & Prenzel, M. (2006). Wenn Lernsituationen zu Leistungssituationen werden: Untersuchung zur Fehlerkultur in einer Videostudie. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Bildungswissenschaften, 28, 21 – 41. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Molloy, L., Gest, S. & Rulison, K. L. (2011). Peer influences on academic motivation: Exploring multiple methods of assessing youth’s most “influential“ peer relationships. Journal of Early Adolescence, 31, 13 – 40. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Munger, G. F. & Loyd, B. H. (1988). The use of multiple matrix sampling for survey research. The Journal of Experimental Education, 56, 187 – 191. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mussweiler, T. & Rüter, K. (2003). What friends are for! The use of routine standards in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 467 – 481. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mussweiler, T., Rüter, K. & Epstude, K. (2004). The ups and downs of social comparison: Mechanisms of assimilation and contrast. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 832 – 844. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Muthén, L. K. & Muthén, B. O. (1998 – 2015). Mplus User’s Guide (7th Ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Newcomb, A. F. & Bagwell, C. (1995). Children’s friendship relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 306 – 347. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Olsen, J. A. & Kenny, D. A. (2006). Structural equation modeling with interchangeable dyads. Psychological Methods, 11, 127 – 141. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Oser, F. & Spychiger, M. (2005). Lernen ist schmerzhaft: Zur Theorie des negativen Wissens und zur Praxis der Fehlerkultur. Weinheim: Beltz. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In Haye, A. F.Slater, M. D.Snyder, L. B. (Eds.). The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13 – 54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Preacher, K. J. & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16, 93 – 115. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Raudenbush, S. W. & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Reindl, M., Gniewosz, B. & Reinders, H. (2016). Socialization of emotion regulation strategies through friends. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 146 – 157. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rodkin, P. & Ryan, A. M. (2012). Child and adolescent peer relations in an educational context. In Harri, K.Graha, S.Urdan, T. (Eds.). Educational psychology handbook (Vol. 2, pp. 363 – 389). , Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Röhrle, B. (1994). Soziale Netzwerke und soziale Unterstützung. Weinheim: Beltz. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ruble, D. N., Boggiano, A. K., Feldman, N. S. & Loebl, J. H. (1980). Developmental analysis of the role of social comparison in self-evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 16, 105 – 115. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ryan, A. M. (2001). The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent motivation and achievement. Child Development, 72, 1135 – 1150. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Shin, H. & Ryan, A. M. (2014). Early adolescent friendships and academic adjustment: Examining selection and influence processes with longitudinal social network analysis. Developmental Psychology, 50, 2462 – 2472. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smits, N. & Vorst, H. C. M. (2007). Reducing the length of questionnaires through structurally incomplete designs: An illustration. Learning and Individual Differences, 17, 25 – 34. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Steuer, G. & Dresel, M. (2015). A constructive error climate as an element of effective learning environments. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 57, 262 – 275. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Steuer, G., Rosentritt-Brunn, G. & Dresel, M. (2013). Dealing with errors in mathematics classrooms: Structure and relevance of perceived error climate. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 38, 196 – 210. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tudge, J. (1990). Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development,and peer collaboration: Implications for classroom practice. In Moll, L. C. (Ed.). Vygotsky and Education: Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology (pp. 155 – 172). New York: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tulis, M. (2013). Error management behavior in classrooms: Teachers’ responses to students’ mistakes. Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies, 33, 56 – 68. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tulis, M. & Ainley, M. (2011). Interest, enjoyment and pride after failure experiences? Predictors of students’ state-emotions after success and failure during learning mathematics. Educational Psychology, 31, 779 – 807. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tulis, M., Grassinger, R. & Dresel, M. (2011). Adaptiver Umgang mit Fehlern als Aspekt der Lernmotivation und des selbstregulierten Lernens von Overachievern. In Dresel, M.Lämmle, L. (Hrsg.). Motivation, Selbstregulation und Leistungsexzellenz (S. 29 – 51). Münster: LIT-Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tulis, M., Steuer, G. & Dresel, M. (2015). Learning from errors: Process and contextual conditions. Towards a model of individual processes within contexts. In Gartmeie, M.Grube, H.Hascher, T.Heid, H. (Hrsg.). Funktionen von Fehlern im Kontext individueller und gesellschaftlicher Entwicklung (S. 53 – 70). Münster: Waxmann. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Van Lehn, K. (1988). Toward a theory of impasse-driven learning. In Mandl, H.Lesgold, A. (Eds.). Learning issues for intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 19 – 41). New York: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. In Gauvain, M.Cole, M. (Eds.). Readings on the development of children (pp. 34 – 40). New York: Scientific American Boooks. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wentzel, K. R., Donlan, A. & Morrison, D. (2012). Peer relationships and social motivational processes. In Ryan, A. M.Ladd, G. W. (Eds.). Adolescence and education. Peer relationships and adjustment at school (pp. 79 – 107). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wild, T. C., Enzle, M. E., Nix, G. & Deci, E. L. (1997). Perceiving others as intrinsically or extrinsically motivated: Effects on expectancy formation and task engagement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 837 – 848. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zander, L. (2015). Umgang mit Fehlern in schulischen Peernetzwerken. In Gartmeie, M.Grube, H.Hascher, T.Heid, H. (Hrsg.). Fehler: Ihre Funktionen im Kontext individueller und gesellschaftlicher Entwicklung (S. 163 – 176). Münster: Waxmann. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zander, L., Kreutzmann, M. & Wolter, I. (2014). Constructive handling of mistakes in the classroom: The conjoint power of collaborative networks and self-efficacy beliefs. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaften, 17, 205 – 223. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G. & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 197 – 206. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar