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Originalia

Bewältigungsverhalten in Notfallsituationen aus klinisch-psychologischer Perspektive

Published Online:October 29, 2012https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000155

Abstract

Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, eine aktuelle Übersicht zu Annahmen und Befunden zu geben, die Hinweise darauf geben, welche Reaktionen bzw. welches Verhalten für die Bewältigung von Notfällen oder traumatischen Erlebnissen hilfreich bzw. gesundheitsförderlich sind. Ließen sich konkrete Aspekte von Bewältigungsverhalten während traumatischer Situationen identifizieren, die besonders adaptiv in Bezug auf die psychische bzw. psychobiologische Anpassung sind, so könnte dieses Wissen perspektivisch zur Entwicklung von Präventions- und Trainingsmaßnahmen genutzt werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt einleitend Traumareaktionen, psychische Traumafolgestörungen und deren Prävalenzraten und gibt eine knappe Übersicht über Prädiktoren für psychische Störungen in Folge traumatischer Erlebnisse. Im Unterschied zu dem Beitrag von Becker-Nehring, Witschen und Bengel (in diesem Heft) fokussiert unser Beitrag vor allem auf die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung als Traumafolgestörung und auf Bewältigungsverhalten während einer Notfallsituation. Bewältigungsverhalten während und nach einer traumatischen Situation kann zum Teil auch im Forschungslabor experimentell untersucht werden, indem z. B. Methoden der Virtuellen Realität genutzt werden. Dies ist ein weiterer Fokus des Beitrags.


Coping with emergency situations: A clinical perspective

The present report provides a review of human responses to emergency situations or potentially traumatic events (PTE). The identification of specific reactions to PTEs that turn out to be adaptive in later psychological or biological reactions is crucial for prevention and intervention efforts. First, we will review common reactions to trauma and psychopathological responses, including a brief review of prevalence rates and predictors of psychopathology following PTEs with focus on posttraumatic stress disorder (one of the main anxiety disorders following trauma–see Becker-Nehring, Witschen & Bengel for a review of other mental disorders in this issue). Secondly, we will discuss the findings related to peritraumatic and posttraumatic reactions, i. e., reactions that take place either during or after the PTE. Some of these processes can be examined and potentially manipulated in the laboratory, for instance with methods of virtual reality, which is also part of this report. A good understanding of the relationship between key peritraumatic and posttraumatic reactions and later psychopathology is of vital importance for the development and implementation of prevention and intervention strategies, which will be discussed at the end of the report.

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