Abstract
Abstract It is as yet unclear why a unilateral self-paced movement in human and nonhuman primates is preceded by a bilateral Bereitschaftspotential (BP) or readiness potential (RP). The RP consists of an early symmetrical part (termed BP1 or RP), presumably of supplementary motor area (SMA) origin, and a later contralaterally dominant part (termed BP2 or NS'), to which the primary motor cortex (M1) is thought to contribute. Apart from the SMA there are other motor areas in the mesial cortex, which might provide additional sources for these slow waves. Although bilateral intracortical sources of the RP are found in the premotor cortex (Sasaki & Gemba, 1991), they play nearly any role in most discussions on the RP. Recently the very existence of the ipsilateral RP over MI has been doubted. RP recordings of two patients with an intracerebral electrode in the ventro-intermedius nucleus (Vim) of the thalamus are shown, suggesting that the ipsilateral RP is not the consequence of volume conduction or signal transmission via the corpus callosum. Rather they point to a subcortical source, from where the ipsilateral cortex is activated. Anatomical and recent RP recordings from Vim and subthalamic nucleus seem to support this interpretation.
References
Aizawa, H. , Mushiake, H. , Inase, M. , Tanji, J. (1990). An output zone of the monkey primary motor cortex specialized for bilateral hand movement.. Experimental Brain Research, 82, 219– 221 .Beaubaton, D. , Trouche, E. , Amato, G. (1980). Dentate and pallidal control of goal-directed movement in monkeys. In G.E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior (pp.315-327). Amsterdam: North Holland .Brunia, C.H.M. (2003). CNV and SPN: Indices of anticipatory behavior. In M. Jahanshahi & M. Hallet (Eds.), The Bereitschaftspotential (pp.207-227). New York: Kluwer/Plenum .Brunia, C.H.M. , Boelhouwer, A.J.W. (1988). Reflexes as a tool: A window in the central nervous system. In P.K. Ackles, J.R. Jennings, & M.G.H. Coles (Eds.), Advances in psychophysiology (Vol.3, pp.1-67). Greenwich, CT: JAI .Brunia, C.H.M. , Scheirs, J.G.M. , Haagh, S.A.V.M. (1982). Changes of Achilles tendon reflex amplitudes during a fixed foreperiod of for seconds. Psychophysiology, 19, 63– 70 .Brunia, C.H.M. , Bosch, D.A. , Speelman, J.D. , van den Berg-Lenssen, M.M.C. , van Boxtel, G.J.M. (2000). The thalamic contribution to the emergence of the readiness potential. In Z. Ambler, S. Nevsímalová, Z. Kadanka, & P.M. Rossini (Eds.), Clinical neurophysiology at the beginning of the 21st century (pp.207-209). Amsterdam: Elsevier .Ceballos-Baumann, A.O. , Boecker, H. , Bartenstein, P. , von Falkenhayn, I. , Riescher, H. , Conrad, B. , Moringlane, J.R. , Alesch, F. (1999). A positron emission tomographic study of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology, 56, 997– 1003 .Chen, R. , Gerloff, C. , Hallett, M. , Cohen, L.G. (1997). Involvement of the ipsilateral motor cortex in finger movements of different complexities. Annals of Neurology, 41, 247– 254 .Cunnington, R. , Iansek, R. , Bradshaw, J.L. , Philips, J.G. (1995). Movement-related potentials in Parkinson's disease: Presence & predictability of temporal & spatial cues. Brain, 118, 935– 950 .Deecke, L. , Kornhuber, H. (1977). Cerebral potentials & the initiation of voluntary movement. In J.E. Desmedt (Ed.), Attention, voluntary contraction & slow potential shifts (pp.132- 150). Basel: Karger .Escola, L. , Michelet, T. , Macia, F. , Guehl, D. , Bioulac, B. , Burbaud, P. (2003). Disruption of information processing in the supplementary motor area of the MPTP-treated monkey. Brain, 126, 95– 114 .Evarts, E.V. (1968). Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement. Journal of Neurophysiology, 31, 14– 27 .Gazzaniga, M.S. , Hillyard, S. (1972). Attention mechanisms following brain dissection. In S. Kornblum (Ed.), Attention and performance (Vol.IV, pp.221-238). New York: Academic Press .Gemba, H. , Sasaki, K. (1990). Potential related to no-go reaction in go/no-go hand movement with discrimination between tone stimuli of different frequencies in the monkey. Brain Research, 537, 340– 344 .Gemba, H. , Sasaki, K. , Hashimoto, S. (1980). Distribution of premovement slow cortical potentials associated with self-paced hand movements in monkeys. Neuroscience Letters, 20, 159– 163 .Gerschlager, W. , Alesch, F. , Cunnington, R. , Deecke, L. , Dirnberger, G. , Endl, W. , Lindinger, G. , Lang, W. (1999). Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation improves frontal cortex function in Parkinson's disease: An electrophysiological study of the contingent negative variation. Brain, 122, 2365– 2373 .Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1987). Motor control function of the prefrontal cortex. In R. Porter (Ed.), Motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Ciba symposium 132 (pp.187-200). Chichester: Wiley .Hazrati, L.N. , Parent, A. Contralateral pallidothalamic and pallidotegmental projections in primates: An anterograde and retrograde labeling study. Brain Research, 567, 212– 223 .Hershey, T. , Revilla, F.J. , Wernle, A.R. , McGee-Minnich, L. , Antenor, J.V. , Videen, T.O. , Dowling, J.L. , Mink, J.W. , Perlmutter, J.S. (2003). Cortical and subcortical blood flow effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in PD. Neurology, 61, 816– 821 .Hillyard, S.A. (1973). The CNV and human Behavior. In W.C. McCallum & J. Knott (Eds.), Event-related slow potentials of the brain: Their relation to behavior (Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, Supplement 33, pp.161-171) .Ikeda, A. , Shibasaki, H. (2003). Generator mechanisms of Bereitschaftspotentials as studied by epicortical recording in patients with intractable partial epilepsy. In M. Jahanshahi & M. Hallet, The Bereitschaftspotential (pp.45-59). New York: Kluwer/Plenum .Ikeda, A. , Shibasaki, H. , Nagamine, T. , Terada, K. , Kaji, R. , Fukuyama, H. , Kimura, J. (1994). Dissociation between contingent negative variation & Bereitschaftspotential in a patient with cerebellar efferent lesion. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 90, 359– 364 .Ikeda, A. , Shibasaki, H. , Kaji, R. , Terada, K. , Nagamine, T. , Honda, M. , Kimura, J. (1997). Dissociation between contingent negative variation & Bereitschaftspotential in a patient with Parkinsonism. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 102, 142– 151 .Jahanshahi, M. , Hallet, M. (2003). The Bereitschaftspotential . New York: Kluwer/Plenum .Jahanshahi, M. , Jenkins, I.H. , Brown, R.G. , Marsden, C.D. , Passingham, R.E. , Brooks, D.J. (1995). Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements. I. An investigation using measurement of blood flow with PET & movement-related potentials in normal & Parkinson's disease subjects. Brain, 118, 913– 933 .Kalaska, J.F. , Crammond, D.J. (1995). Deciding not to go: Neuronal correlates of response selection in a GO/NOGO task in primate premotor and parietal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 410– 428 .Kornhuber, H.H. , Deecke, L. (1965). Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale ‘Brain potential changes during arbitrary and passive movements in Humans: Bereitschaftspotential and reafferent potentials’. Pflügers Archiv, 284, 1– 17 .Krack, P. , Dostrovsky, J. , Ilinsky, I. , Kultas-Ilinsky, K. , Lenz, F. , Lozano, A. , Vitek, J. (2002). Surgery of the motor thalamus: Problems with present nomenclature. Movement Disorders, 17(Suppl.3), S9– S15 .Künzle, H. (1975). Bilateral projections from precentral motor cortex to the putamen and other parts of the basal ganglia. An autoradiographic study in Macaca fascicularis. Brain Research, 88, 195– .Künzle, H. (1978). An autoradiographic analysis of the efferent connections from premotor and adjacent prefrontal regions (areas 6 and 9) in Macaca fascicularis. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 15, 185– 234 .Limousin, P. , Pollak, P. , Benazzouz, A. , Hoffmann, D. , Le Bas, J-F. , Brousolle, E. , Perret, J.E. , Benabid, A.L. (1995). Effect on Parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. The Lancet, 345, 91– 95 .Luppino, G. , Matelli, M. , Camarda, R. , Rizolatti, G. (1993). Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA proper) & area F6 (pre-SMA) in the macaque monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 338, 114– 140 .Mauritz, K-H. , Wise, S.P. (1986). Premotor cortex of the rhesus monkey: Neuronal activity in anticipation of predictable events. Experimental Brain Research, 61, 229– 244 .MacKinnon, C.D. (2003). Recording of movement-related potentials combined with PET, fMRI or MEG. In M. Jahanshahi & M. Hallet, The Bereitschaftspotential (pp.95-111). New York: Kluwer/Plenum .Meyer-Lohmann, J. , Hore, J. , Brooks, V.B. (1977). Cerebellar participation in generation of prompt arm movements. Journal of Physiology, 40, 1038– 1050 .Middletown, F.A. , Strick, P.L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Reviews, 31, 236– 250 .Molinari, M. , Minciacchi, D. , Bentivoglio, M. , Macchi, G. (1985). Efferent fibers from the motor cortex terminate bilaterally in the thalamus of rats and cats. Experimental Brain Research, 57, 305– 312 .Paradiso, G. , Saint-Cyr, J.A. , Lozano, A.M. , Lang, A.E. , Chen, R. (2003). Involvement of the human subthalamic nucleus in movement preparation. Neurology, 61, 1538– 1545 .Paradiso, G. , Cunic, D. , Chen, R. (2004). Involvement of subcortical structures in the preparation of self-paced movement. Journal of Psychophysiology, this volume .Picard, N. , Strick, P.L. (1996). Motor areas of the medial wall: A review of their location and functional activation. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 342– 353 .Rebert, C.S. (1977). Intracerebral slow potential changes in monkeys during the foreperiod of reaction time. In J.E. Desmedt (Ed.), Attention, voluntary contraction and slow potential shifts (pp.242-253). Basel: Karger .Rektor, I. (2003). Intracerebral recordings of the Bereitschaftspotential and related potentials in cortical and subcortical structures in human subjects. In M. Jahanshahi & M. Hallet, The Bereitschaftspotential (pp.61-77). New York: Kluwer/Plenum .Rektor, I. , Bares, M. , Kubova, D. (2001a). Movement-related potentials in the basal ganglia: A SEEG readiness potential study. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 2146– 2153 .Rektor, I. , Bares, M. , Kanovsky, P. , Kukleta, M. (2001b). Intracerebral recordings of readiness potential induced by a complex motor task. Movement Disorders, 16, 698– 704 .Rouzaire-Dubois, B. , Scarnati, E. (1985). Bilateral corticosubthalamic nucleus projections: An electrophysiological study in rats with chronic cerebral lesions. Neuroscience, 15, 69– 79 .Sasaki, K. , Gemba, H. (1986). Electrical activity in the prefrontal cortex specific to no-go reaction of conditioned hand movement with color discrimination in the monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 64, 603– 606 .Sasaki, K. , Gemba, H. (1991). Cortical potentials associated with voluntary movements in monkeys. In C.H.M. Brunia, G. Mulder, & M.N. Verbaten (Eds.), Event-related brain research (pp.80-96). Amsterdam: Elsevier .Sasaki, K. , Gemba, H. , Mizuno, N. (1979). Cortical field potentials preceding visually initiated hand movements and cerebellar actions in the monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 46, 29– 36 .Schuurman, P.R. , Bosch, D.A. , Bossuyt, P.M.M. , Bonsel, G.J. , van Someren, E.J.W. , de Bie, R.M.A. , Merkus, M.P. , Speelman, J.D. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 461– 468 .Shibasaki, H. , Shima, F. , Kuroiwa, Y. (1978). Clinical studies of the movement-related cortical potential (MP). The relationship between the dentato-rubro-thalamic pathway and the readiness potential (RP). Journal of Neurology, 219, 15– 25 .Shibasaki, H. , Barrett, G. , Neshige, R. , Hirata, I. , Tomoda, H. (1986). Volitional movement is not preceded by cortical slow negativity in cerebellar dentate lesion in man. Brain Research, 368, 361– 365 .Strick, P.L. (1976). Activity of ventrolateral thalamic neurons during arm movement. Journal of Neurophysiology, 39, 1032– 1044 .Thatch, W.T. (1987). Cerebellar inputs to motor cortex. In R. Porter (Ed.), Motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Ciba symposium 132 (pp.201-215). Chichester: Wiley .Trouche, E. , Beaubaton, D. (1980). Initiation of goal-directed movement in the monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 40, 311– 321 .Van Boxtel, G.J.M. , Böcker, K.B.E. (2004). Cortical measures of anticipation. Journal of Psychophysiology, this issue .Verleger, R. (2004). Malfunctions of central control of movement studied with slow brain potentials in neurological patients. Journal of Psychophysiology, this issue .Vitek, J.L. (2002). Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: Excitation or inhibition. Movement Disorders, 17(Suppl.3), S69– S72 .Walter, W.G. , Cooper, R. , Aldridge, V.J. , McCallum, W.C. , Winter, A.L. (1964). Contingent Negative Variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature, 203, 380– 384 .Woods, S.P. , Fields, J.A. , Tröster, A.I. (2002). Neuropsychological sequelae of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A critical review. Neuropsychology Review, 12, 111– 126 .Zappoli, R. (2003). Permanent or transitory effects on neurocognitive components of the CNV complex induced by brain dysfunctions, lesions, and ablations in humans. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 48, 189– 220 .
