On the Dimensional Structure of Personality, Ideological Beliefs, Social Attitudes, and Personal Values
Abstract
In this paper, the common dimensional-structure of measures of Big Five personality, social attitudes, personal values, conservatism, and ideological beliefs (right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation) was investigated in two convenience samples of adults (Study 1, paper-and-pencil, N = 302; Study 2, Internet, N = 154). A principal components analysis resulted in a three-factor solution in both samples. In particular, a strong ideology factor emerged that can be interpreted as representing an ideological belief system. It is characterized by a right-wing, conservative orientation, social prejudice, ideological beliefs, the value orientations of self-enhancement, low self-transcendence, and the personality trait of low Openness to Experience. The other two factors comprised socially desirable personality traits and values, and a blend of personality and personal-value orientations characterized by energy, activity, openness, and curiosity, respectively. The results are interpreted in relation to recent structural and process models of personality, ideological beliefs, and social attitudes.
References
1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Row.
(1996, 2002). Ethnozentrismusskala [
. (Ethnocentrism scale ]. Köln: Zentralarchiv für empirische Sozialforschung (ZA) and Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA) e.V.1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
(1998). The “other” authoritarian personality. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 47–92.
(2004). Relationships between Big Five personality factors and values. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 619–626.
(2007). Structural modeling of generalized prejudice. The role of social dominance, authoritarianism, and empathy. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 10–17.
(1999). Beyond the Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 511–530.
(1985). Prejudice toward contemporary outgroups as a generalized attitude. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 189–199.
(1994). Values and personality. European Journal of Personality, 8, 163–181.
(1993). Neo-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar (NEO-FFI) nach Costa und McCrae [
(The Five Factor Inventory ]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.1998). The value orientations underlying liberalism-conservatism. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 575–589.
(2005a). The motivational bases of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: Relations to values and attitudes in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1425–1434.
(2005b). Personal values and attitudes toward war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11, 293–312.
(2007). Determinants of human rights attitudes and behavior: A comparison and integration of psychological perspectives. Political Psychology, 28, 441–469.
(2006). The impact of cognitive styles on authoritarianism-based conservatism and racism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 37–50.
(1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
(2008). Factors of values in the Dutch language and their relationship to factors of personality. European Journal of Personality, 22, 81–108.
(1997). Higher order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246–1256.
(2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. In , Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 41–113). San Diego: Academic Press.
(2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 684–696.
(2007). Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 21, 113–130.
(2006). Personality, identity styles, and authoritarianism: An integrative study among late adolescents. European Journal of Personality, 20, 397–417.
(2002). The march of modern fascism. A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1199–1213.
(2005). Authoritarianism and social dominance in Western and Eastern Europe: The importance of the sociopolitical context and of political interest and involvement. Political Psychology, 26, 299–320.
(2003). The relation between personality and prejudice: A variable and person centered approach. European Journal of Personality, 17, 449–464.
(2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, social dominance orientation, or right wing authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality, 18, 463–482.
(1989). Das Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar FPI [
(The Freiburg Personality Inventory FPI ]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.2006). War and prejudice: A study of social values, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 599–608.
(1999). Human values, conservatism, and stereotypes of homosexuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 109–118.
(2005). Investigating the circumplex structure of the Portraits Values Questionnaire (PVQ). Journal of Individual Differences, 26, 185–193.
(2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
(2005). Contact experiences mediate the relationship between five-factor model personality traits and ethnic prejudice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 667–685.
(2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61, 651–670.
(2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339–375.
(2000). Determining the number of factors to retain: A Windows-based FORTRAN-IMSL program for parallel analysis. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 32, 389–395.
(2008). Persönlichkeitsdiagnostik mit dem NEO-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar: Die 30-Item Kurzversion (NEO-FFI-30). [
. (Personality assessment with the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory: The 30-item short version (NEO-FFI-30) ]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 58, 238–245.1993). Personality variation and values endorsement in Chinese university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 429–437.
(1990). A new Swedish social attitude scale: Reliability and construct validity. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 31, 55–64.
(2003). Personality traits and personal values: A conceptual and empirical integration. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 109–125.
(1997). Ein kurzes Instrument zur Messung der Autoritarismus-Neigung [
(Short authoritarianism scale ]. Gruppendynamik, 28, 251–258.1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811–832.
(1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741–763.
(2005). Kurzversion des Big Five Inventory (BFI-K). [
(A short version of the Big Five Inventory ]. Diagnostica, 51, 195–206.2004). Entwicklung und Validierung einer Kurzskala für die Messung der Big-Five-Persönlichkeitsdimensionen in Umfragen [
(The development and validation of a short scale to measure Big Five personality dimensions in surveys ]. ZUMA-Nachrichten, 55, 5–28.1993). Personality and attitudes toward current political topics. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 313–321.
(2000). Broad dispositions, broad aspirations: The intersection of personality and major life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1284–1296.
(2002) The Big Five personality factors and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 789–801.
(2007). A head-to-head comparison of Big Five types and traits in the prediction of social attitudes: Further evidence for a five-cluster typology. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 138–149.
(2000). Isms and the structure of social attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 366–385.
(1997). Erfahrungen mit deutschsprachigen Versionen der Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale von Altemeyer. [
(Experiences with German versions of the RWA scale by Altemeyer ]. Gruppendynamik, 28, 239–249.1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values?. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45.
(2003). A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. Chapter 7 in the questionnaire development package of the European Social Survey. Retrieved March 12, 2008 from www.europeansocialsurvey.org/.
(2004). Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 230–255.
(2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 248–279.
(1999). Social dominance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(2007). The structure among measures of personality, social attitudes, values, and social norms. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 240–251.
(2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS 17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 222–232.
(2007). The intervening role of social worldviews in the relationship between the five-factor model of personality and social attitudes. European Journal of Personality, 21, 131–148.
(2004). Openness to Experience and boundaries in the mind: Relationships with cultural and economic conservative beliefs. Journal of Personality, 72, 659–686.
(2005). Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: Relationships with various forms of racism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 2323–2344.
(2002). Das Konstrukt der Sozialen Dominanzorientierung als generalisierte Einstellung: Eine Replikation. [
(The construct of social dominance orientation as a generalized attitude: A replication ]. Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie, 10, 263–282.1999). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 126–134.
(