Abstract
The Adolescent Time Inventory (ATI; Mello & Worrell, 2007) is a relatively new measure developed to assess several aspects of time perspective (e.g., time orientation, time attitudes). Time attitudes, one aspect of time perspective, refer to positive and negative feelings about the past, present, and future. In the current 2-sample paper, we examined the internal consistency, structural validity, and convergent validity of scores on the time attitude subscales (TA) of the Turkish ATI (Mello, Worrell, Şahin-Baltaci, & Tagay, 2015). Results from Sample 1 (N = 244) indicated that scores on 5 of the 6 Turkish ATI-TA subscales—Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Positive, Present Negative, and Future Positive—were internally consistent, and confirmatory factor analyses provided strong support for the structural validity of a 5-factor model as well as the hypothesized 6-factor model, even though internal consistency estimates for Future Negative scores (the sixth factor) were unacceptably low. Results from Sample 2 (N = 350) provided additional internal consistency and structural validity evidence for scores on the 5-factor model and also provided evidence of convergent validity with self-esteem, well-being, and optimism. Analyses also indicated that scores on the 2 past and 2 present subscales demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance across samples, whereas the Future Positive scores only demonstrated metric invariance. We concluded that these 5 subscales can be used with Turkish adolescents and that the Future Negative subscale needs to be revised and validated in this national context.
References
2014). How is time perspective related to perceptions of self and of interpersonal relationships? The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17,
(E92 . 10.1017/sjp.2014.921992). Examination of self-esteem and locus control developments of high school senior year students (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Council of Higher Education Thesis Center, Turkey. (UMI No. 25276)
(2013). Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (ATAS) scores and academic outcomes in secondary school females in New Zealand. International Journal of Quantitative Research in Education, 1, 251–274. 10.1504/IJQRE.2013.057687
(2014). Predicting educational outcomes and psychological wellbeing in adolescents using time attitude profiles. Psychology in the Schools, 51, 434–451. 10.1002/pits.21762
(2013). Demographic group differences in adolescents’ time attitudes. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 289–301. 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.005
(2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63, 602–614. 10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602
(1991). Optimism, health issues and the relationship between academic achievement. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 26, 2–9.
(1977). Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of short-form of Coopersmith’s Self-esteem Inventory. Psychological Reports, 41, 1041–1042. 10.2466/pr0.1977.41.3f.1041
(1991).
(Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes . In J. P. RobinsonP. R. ShaverL. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of self esteem (pp. 115–160). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.2010). A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 24–40. 10.1080/17439760903271181
(2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(2009). Time perspectives in adolescence: Measurement, profiles, and links with personality characteristics and scholastic experience [Research on Child and Adolescent Development]. Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung, 2, 197–216.
(1983). Investigating measures of self-concept. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 16, 115–126.
(2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20, 872–882.
(2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge.
(2011). Development and construct validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27, 220–227. 10.1027/1015-5759/a000076
(2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
(2014, July). Development of a Japanese version of the Adolescent Time Attitude Scale: A preliminary study of college students. Poster presented at the 2nd International Conference on Time Perspective, Warsaw, Poland.
(2013). Working memory, mental prospection, time orientation, and cognitive insight. Journal of Individual Differences, 34, 159–169. 10.1027/1614-0001/a000111
(1987). Self-esteem inventories. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
(2009). Time orientation and health-related behavior: Measurement in general population samples. Psychology and Health, 24, 333–350. 10.1080/08870440701813030
(1982). Academic achievement and future time perspective as a cognitive-motivational concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 566–571. 10.1037/0022-3514.42.3.566
(2009). The development of adolescents’ subjective well-being scale. Journal of Turkish Education Sciences, 7, 975–989.
(1939). Time perspectives. Journal of Social Philosophy, 4, 293–312.
(1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. 10.1080/10705519909540118
(1988). Time perspective, time attitude, and time orientation in alcoholism: A review. International Journal of the Addictions, 23, 279–298. 10.3109/10826088809033073
(1990).
(Personality, perceived life chances, and adolescent health behavior . In K. HurrelmannF. Lösel (Eds.), Health hazards in adolescence (pp. 219–233). New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter.1999). Who’s smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 149–164. 10.1207/S15324834BA210207
(1980). Extension of future time perspective in motivational goals of different age groups. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 3, 1–17. 10.1177/016502548000300102
(1985). Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1942).
(Time perspective and morale . In K. Lewin (Ed.), Resolving social conflicts and field theory in social science (pp. 80–93). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.1946).
(Behavior and development as a function of the total situation . In L. Carmichael (Ed.), Manual of child psychology (2nd ed., pp. 791–970). New York, NY: Wiley. 10.1037/10756-0162004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341. 10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
(2014). What do temporal profiles tell us about adolescent alcohol use? Results from a large sample in the United Kingdom. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1319–1328. 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.008
(2015). Reliability and factorial validity of Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitude (ATI-TA) scores in Scottish and Northern Irish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 412–416. 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.040
(2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 568–592. 10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568
(2007). The Adolescent Time Inventory - English. Berkeley, CA: The University of California. Retrieved from https://faculty.sfsu.edu/~zmello/content/adolescent-time-inventory
(2015).
(The past, the present, and the future: A conceptual model of time perspective in adolescence . In M. StolarskiN. FieulaineW. van Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory: Review, research, and application. Essays in honor of Phillip G. Zimbardo (pp. 115–129). Zug, Switzerland: Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_72015). The Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitudes–Turkish. Unpublished scale, University of California, Berkeley.
(2008). Testing Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory in a Brazilian sample [
(Interamerican Journal of Psychology ]. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 42, 49–58.1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
(1991). How do adolescents see their future? A review of the development of future orientation and planning. Developmental Review, 11, 1–59. 10.1016/0273-2297(91)90002-6
(1990). Future-orientation. Unpublished questionnaire. Helsinki, Finland: University of Helsinki.
(1972). Time Attitude Scale. Unpublished manual. Belgium: Leuven Research Center for Motivation and Time Perspective, University of Leuven.
(1997). Türkiye’de kullanılan psikolojik testler: Bir başvuru kaynağı [
(The psychological tests used in Turkey: A resource book ]. İstanbul, Turkey: University of Boğaziçi.1990). Possible selves and delinquency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 112–125. 10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.112
(2015). Measuring time perspective in adolescents: Can you get the right answer by asking the wrong questions? Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 53–57. 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.015
(1996, April). A comparison of Turkish and English high school students’ self-esteem. Oral presented at the 3rd National Congress of Psychological Counselling and Guidance, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey.
(1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. 10.1037//0278-6133.4.3.219
(1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
(2009). Conceptualization and measurement of temporal focus: The subjective experience of the past, present, and future. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110, 1–22. 10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.05.001
(2014). A global look at time: A 24-country study of equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. SAGE Open, 4, 1–12. 10.1177/2158244013515686
. (2015).
. (Time perspective profiles of cultures . In M. StolarskiN. FieulaineW. van Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory: Review, research, and application. Essays in honor of Phillip G. Zimbardo (pp. 169–187). Zug, Switzerland: Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_112003). Hope theory, measurements, and applications to school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 122–139. 10.1521/scpq.18.2.122.21854
(1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321–335. 10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321
(Stolarski, M.Fieulaine, N.van Beek, W. (Eds.). Time perspective theory: Review, research, and application. Essays in honor of Phillip G. Zimbardo. Zug, Switzerland: Springer.
2003).
(Understanding reliability and coefficient alpha, really . In B. Thompson (Ed.), Score reliability: Contemporary thinking on reliability issues (pp. 3–23). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 10.4135/97814129857892004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 10.1037/10694-000
(2014, May). Does social desirability affect time perspective scores? Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA.
(2011). A new measure of time perspective: Initial psychometric findings for the Balanced Time Perspective Scale (BTPS). Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 43, 111–118. 10.1037/a0022801
(2001). The relationship of hope in the future and perceived school climate to school completion. School Psychology Quarterly, 16, 370–388. 10.1521/scpq.16.4.370.19896
(1999). The relationship of risk status to self-esteem and perceived life chances. Journal of At-Risk Issues, 5, 33–38.
(2007). The reliability and validity of Zimbardo Time Perspective scores in academically talented adolescents. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67, 487–504. 10.1177/0013164406296985
(2009). Convergent and discriminant validity of time attitude scores on the Adolescent Time Perspective Inventory [Research on Child and Adolescent Development]. Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung, 4, 185–196.
(2013). Introducing English and German versions of the Adolescent Time Attitude Scale. Assessment, 20, 496–510. 10.1177/1073191110396202
(2015, March). Validating Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitude scores in samples from 10 countries. In Z. R. Mello and M. Buhl (Co-Chairs), International studies on time perspective: How thoughts about the past, the present, and the future predict adolescent outcomes. Poster Symposium presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.
. (2016). A theoretical approach to the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Results from America, Australia, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. 10.1027/1015-5759/a000313
(1993). The role of children’s future expectations in self-system functioning and adjustment to life stress: A prospective study of urban at-risk children. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 649–661. 10.1017/S0954579400006210
(1999). Time perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271–1288. 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
(2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York, NY: Free Press.
(1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007–1023. 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00113-X
(