Color Projection in the Rorschach Test
Abstract
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to examine the basic features of Color Projection (CP). This study examined how CP appeared in relation to card, position, location, development quality, form quality, determinants, contents, special scores, and projected colors. Japanese adult psychiatric patients participated in the study. A total of 68 CP responses in 37 protocols were collected from over 1,500 Rorschach protocols. The results indicated that almost 60% of CP were in response to Card I or VI, which suggests that CP may be an initial shock reaction to achromatic colors and shading. Moreover, almost all CP were shown with the card in the original position, and more than half of CP were shown with W and DQo. This suggests that coping strategies when using CP may consist of changing recognitions rather than changing behaviors. On the other hand, these results also show that almost 30% of CP responses were scored MOR, and some CP responses were changed to colors that are generally considered to be less beautiful or undesirable in Japan. Therefore, in conclusion, it is possible that the current interpretive hypothesis of denial of unpleasant feelings may not be characteristic of all CP responses.
Color responses in the Rorschach test are regarded as variables connected to affective features (Exner, 2003; Klopfer et al., 1954; Rapaport et al., 1946; Schachtel, 1967; Shapiro, 1956, 1960). One of the most rare and unique color responses is Color Projection (CP). CP occurs when an individual projects chromatic colors into blot areas that display only varieties of black and gray (Piotrowski, 1957). Examples include “a blue bird” in response to Card I, “a bright red butterfly” in response to Card V, and “green leaves” for Card VI. The phenomenon of projecting chromatic colors onto achromatic surfaces was observed by Hermann Rorschach and many others. However, none had interpreted CP before Piotrowski, who suggested that CP could be indicative of a unique type of affective coping.
Piotrowski (1957) suggested that CP is indicative of a deliberate and conscious attempt to feel, sense, and display happiness in overt behaviors while suppressing a spontaneous and deeply felt sadness. He also explained that CP reveals a most earnest and intense attempt at self-imposed serenity to dispel the depression caused by deeply felt frustrations. Moreover, Weiner (1998) and Exner (2003) later recognized that in broader terms CP is the rejection of not only depressive feelings but also unpleasant feeling in general.
However, little research has been conducted to examine the validity of these interpretations of CP. Mihura and colleagues (2013) systematically evaluated peer-reviewed Rorschach validity literature for the 65 main variables in the Comprehensive System (CS). The result showed that CP was one of the variables with least support. However, according to Mihura et al. (2013), the lack of support for CP is not due to evidence for the absence of validity (nonsignificant findings) or low or unstable levels of validity (significant findings but with validity coefficients in the lowest quartile of the psychological assessment literature or just above this point with uncertain stability), but the absence of evidence for its validity because no studies have been conducted regarding CP, possibly due to the extremely low frequency of this response.
There are very few studies on CP, and most of them confirm its low incidence. Piotrowski (1957) stated that CP is not necessarily a psychopathologic sign, but the great majority of individuals with CP are patients who have an organic cerebral disease or incipient schizophrenia. However, Piotrowski does not specifically mention the incidence of CP in these disorders. On the other hand, some studies have reported that CP can be seen in mood disorders. Exner (2001) reported that only 3–5% of patients with schizophrenia showed CP, whereas inpatients with a depressive disorder (Lambda < 1.0) showed a higher incidence of CP at 7%. Moreover, Ishii (2003) reported on 10 cases of CP among 158 patients (6%) that he treated over 7 years.
On the other hand, depressed patients with an avoidant style showed no CP, suggesting that the incidence of the CP is not equally low in all clinical groups, and the incidence of CP differed depending on the pathological conditions and psychological mechanisms that were shown in the Rorschach. Weiner (1998) reported that individuals with CP in the protocols are at considerable risk for rapid mood swings. The co-occurrence of CP with indices of depression frequently raises the possibility of a bipolar disorder or cyclothymic tendencies. However, no quantitative evidence about this has been demonstrated.
In studies conducted with nonclinical groups, Weiner (1998) indicated that CP occurs in fewer than 2% of Rorschach records, whereas Exner (2001) suggested that it was 0.8% (N = 5/600) in the United States. In Japan, Takahashi et al. (1998) reporting on 220 nonclinical adults and Nishio et al. (2017) reporting on 400 nonclinical adults indicated that the incidence of CP was 0%. Nakamura and colleagues (2007) suggested that the incidence of CP was 3% using the Comprehensive System data of a sample of 240 adult nonpatients in Japan. Meyer et al. (2007) reported that the incidence of CP was 2% using composite adult international normative reference data from 17 countries.
Although these studies have reported more CP responses among clinical groups compared with nonclinical groups, it is obviously a rare response. However, Exner’s (2001) aforementioned data are particularly noteworthy. Nakamura (2010) suggested that CP might not be surprisingly rare, and could sometimes occur. Considering this, it is probable that many clinical psychologists and counselors engaged in psychological assessment in mental health centers and mental hospitals, especially full-time and veteran psychologists, come across CP at least several times in their careers. The issue could represent the difficulty of collecting data on CP for effectively evaluating its validity by using statistical methods in short-term studies. Data on Rorschach protocols including CP responses are accumulated during spontaneous, day-to-day work in clinical settings, such as in hospitals and healthcare centers, over the long term. Therefore, when we encountered protocols that appeared to include CP in clinical practice, we began the study by asking testees to cooperate in this study, obtaining their consent, and collecting CP data. Aoki (2013) noted that those who produce CP tend to produce more than one, especially among women, and that it is relatively more common among people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative disorders, especially survivors of abuse and bullying. Case studies (Aoki, 2009, 2011) suggested that CP was often seen in the W areas in Card I and Card VI, suggesting that it may be an initial shock to black and shading. Based on the results of the examination of 17 CPs, more than 30% of the CP responses were with MOR, contrary to the conventional interpretation hypothesis (Aoki, 2013). Ishii (2003) also pointed out from a review of 10 cases that CP may be accompanied by negative emotional expressions. Examining the characteristics of CP response may lead to future investigations of interpretive hypotheses for CP.
The purpose of this study was to examine the basic features of CP, in other words, to collect and discuss the basic findings on the characteristics with which CP appears, such as which card, position, response order, location, development quality, form quality, determinants, contents, special score, and projected colors. Although the ultimate goal of this series of studies is to examine the interpretive validity of the CP, we assume that we are at the stage of accumulating basic knowledge about the basic features of CP.
Method
Procedure
This study was performed with the cooperation and agreement of the patients and their treatment centers. The Rorschach test was administered individually for diagnosis and planning in the treatment centers. When CP appeared in Rorschach protocols, the record was placed in the set of research data after obtaining informed consent form the patient, explaining that the data were to be used only for research purposes and that personal information would be completely protected. Data from patients who signed a participation agreement were used. The research was conducted from April 1995 to July 2017. In all, 68 CP responses in 37 protocols were collected from over 1,500 Rorschach protocols. The survey was conducted with the approval of the Committee on Ethics of the Faculty for Research in Human Sciences, Tsukuba University.
Data Analysis
Certified psychologists with more than 20 years of experience in Rorschach testing, including the authors, scored protocols that were collected in the form described in the procedure independently by employing the CS (Exner, 2001). Before the scoring, the scorers agreed to use the CP principle, in which CP was coded only when the presence of chromatic coloring in the achromatic blot area was identified (Exner, 2003). In addition, prior to the score, it was confirmed among the scorers that achromatic included white and chromatic included both color specifications such as red and blue and noncolor specifications such as colorful and multicolored. In total, 97.0% of all scores, including CP, were in agreement. Disagreements were discussed by including another certified psychologist to determine the final scores.
Sample
The research data included 68 CP responses from adult mental health patients (N = 37, four men and 33 women, age range 15–47 years, Mage = 28.68 years, SD = 9.80). None of the patients had any visual impairments or problems with color recognition according to the attending doctor’s diagnosis or medical check-ups. The diagnosis of the patients varied from PTSD, schizophrenia, depression, dissociation disorder, panic disorder, and adjustment disorder.
Results
Number of CP Responses
Among the 37 participants who produced CP, 20 participants (54.1%) produced one CP and 17 participants (45.9%) produced multiple CP responses (see Table 1). Ten participants produced two CP (27.0%) and seven participants produced more than three CP (18.9%). The mean number of occurrences of CP was 1.84 (SD = 1.20), maximum being five CP (three persons). Also, four of 20 participants who produced one CP projected chromatic colors that were different from the chromatic color on the card (e.g., “yellow flowers” in red blot area on Card II, “brown monkeys” in pink blot areas on Card VIII). These different chromatic color projection responses are not CP. However, this observation leads us to assume that 57% of people who produced CP (four persons with both single CP and different color projections, and 17 persons with multiple CP) repeatedly dealt with forcibly distorting the actual colors.
Cards That Produced CP
The results indicated that Card VI produced the largest number of CP (33.8%, 23 responses) and Card I produced the second largest number (23.5%, 16 responses). Furthermore, Card V produced the third largest CP showing 11 (16.2%). Eight CP (11.8%) were shown for Card VII, and six CP (8.8%) for Card IV. CP was also shown for Cards II and III (four CP, 5.9%), which are the chromatic color cards (see Table 2).
Location
Comparing the locations of CP responses, W was the most frequent (70.6%), while D and Dd were each the second most frequent (14.7%; see Table 2).
Position of Cards
The position of the card indicated that 97.1% of CP was shown in the original position, whereas only two responses were shown in the reversed position.
Developmental Quality (DQ), Form Qualities (FQ)
Comparing the DQ of CP responses indicated that DQo was the most frequent (58.8%) and DQ+ was the second most frequent (32.4%), whereas DQv/+ and DQv were the third most frequent (4.4%; see Table 3).
For FQ, 38.2% of CP was FQo, 29.4% of CP was FQu, and 32.4% of CP was FQ- (see Table 4).
Determinants
A single determinant was seen in 72.1% of CP responses and a blend determinant was seen in the remaining 27.9% of CP responses. Among the CP responses with a blend determinant, 14 responses had two determinants, and five responses had more than three determinants.
Among 68 CP, shading determinants (T, V, Y) were shown in 44.1% of CP, in particular, Y was seen most often (19 of 30 CP with shading). Furthermore, form determinants were shown in 38.2% and movement determinants were shown in 39.7% of CP, of which more than half are blends with shading (Table 5).
Contents
The most popular content was Botanical (Bt) such as “red leaves,” “a bouquet of pink primroses,” or “a brown dead leaf,” which were seen in 17 responses (25.0%). This was followed by the Whole animals (A), such as “a beautiful blue butterfly,” or “tropical fishes,” which were seen in 14 responses (20.6%). However, CP responses indicating wounds and damage, such as “red blood” and “a drowned body” were also present, although they occurred less frequently (Table 6).
Special Scores
Overall, 48.5% of CP responses were scored with unusual verbalizations such as DV, DR, INCOM, FABCOM, and CONTAM. Of these, 23.5% (n = 16) of the CP responses were scored Level 1 and 16.2% (n = 11) were scored Level 2. There was also one CP response with CONTAM. There were five CP responses with two special scores: one CP with two Level 1, two CP responses scoring Level 2 and Level 1, and two CP responses with two Level 2.
Among the special scores for cognitive and thinking deviations, DR was most often scored together with CP (DR = 25, 36.8%), of which 14 scored Level 1 and 11 scored Level 2 (see Table 7). On the other hand, among the special scores for content, Morbid content was the most frequently scored response (MOR = 29.4%).
Projected Colors
As shown in Table 8, 64.7% of CP had one color projection, 19.1% of CP had more than one color projection, and 16.2% of CP had a chromatic color that was not identified (e.g., a colorful chromatic color).
Next, the projected colors (hues) were compared in CP. As can be seen in Table 8, the results indicated that both red and brown were the most frequently projected colors (pure red was projected nine times, and combinations of red and other colors were projected six times; pure brown projected was 12 times, and combinations of other colors projected three times). Green, which was projected 13 times, was the next most frequently projected color (pure green projected six times, combinations of other colors projected seven times), followed by pink, which was projected 11 times (pure pink projected 7 times, a combination of other colors projected four times).
When considering the appropriateness of the projected color to the content, an appropriate color was projected in 89.7% cases (“green leaves” or “a red blood”), and an inappropriate color was projected in 10.3% cases (“fresh green dead leaves” or “The sun. Because the color is green”).
Discussion
The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of CP responses. Although Exner (2001) reported that both clinical and nonclinical groups produced a maximum of one CP, almost half of the participants in this study produced CP several times. This result is consistent with the results of Ishii (2003), who made similar observations with outpatients.
This suggests that some people frequently use the coping mechanism of CP for whatever purpose. To understand them, it is important to clarify whether this coping is truly a denial of unpleasant feelings and, if not, what purpose it serves.
Cards Producing CP
The results of this study indicated that Card VI produced the most CP and Card I produced the second most CP. Black is used in all of Card I, and this is the first card that people encounter black. Nishio et al. (2017) suggested that the incidence of “C” in Card I was 13.5%, which is the highest among all cards using the comprehensive system from the data of a sample of 400 adult Japanese nonpatients. In judging the impressions of Card I using the semantic differential method, the Japanese respondents~ responses were often accompanied by unpleasant emotional expressions such as “unpleasant, dark, and dirty” (Kataguchi, 1974). On the other hand, Card VI is the first soft shade of color used all over the card. More people respond to shades than colors, indicating the highest texture response (20%) of the 10 cards (Kataguchi, 1974). Nishio et al. (2017) also suggested that the incidence of T in Card VI is the highest (12.0%) and that the incidences of V and Y are the highest among all the cards. Moreover, the judgment of impressions on Card VI using the semantic differential method shows numerous responses with unpleasant feeling, including “unpleasant,” “dark,” and “sad,” (Kataguchi, 1974). Considering that the CP generated by these two cards accounted for approximately 60% of the total, it can be speculated that CP may be one of the coping responses to the shock of first encountering an achromatic stimulus, although its features are different.
Location, DQ, FQ, and Response Position
The results for Location, DQ, and Position of the CP responses indicated several possibilities for how CP was perceived. In the present study, W was the most frequent for Location and DQo was the most frequent for DQ, accounting for approximately 70% and 60%, respectively, suggesting that CP may be caused by the overall impact of the card stimulus. The result that CP was more common in Card I and Card VI, which have a larger surface area of the figure, also supports the hypothesis.
Furthermore, the result that more than 90% of CP responses have specific forms (DQ+ and DQo) means that those who produce CPs will ignore the color but not the form of the pictorial stimulus. Nevertheless, FQ varied, with both good form quality (FQo) and poor form quality (FQ-) found about 30% of the time. These results suggest that those who exhibit CP strive to recognize the objective reality of form, but more than 30% of them deviate from the general perception.
As for the position of the card, almost all of the CP responses were also shown in the original position. These findings suggested that the coping strategy for using CP was to change perceptions rather than to change behaviors, such as rotating the cards.
Determinants
Almost half of CP responses were accompanied by shading scores. Furthermore, in particular, Y was present most, which supported Exner’s findings (2001). Many studies have reported that shading responses are strongly related to unpleasant emotions, and Y in particular is related to anxiety (Klopfer et al., 1954; Rapaport et al., 1946). Taking this into account, the present results seemed to support the conventional hypothesis that when unpleasant feelings are aroused by shading stimuli, CPs cope with the unpleasant feelings by forcibly changing their perception of the stimuli, that is, denying the unpleasant feelings.
In addition, about 40% of the CP responses were accompanied by movement as a determinant. In particular, all CP responses with blended determinants were scored with movement, most of which were blends of shading and movement. In terms of creating something that does not exist on the card, Movement, which projects movement onto a nonmoving card stimulus, and CP, which projects color onto an uncolored card stimulus, are similar. However, the difference is that Movement does not deny the existence of the stimulus on the card, whereas CP is formed by denying the existence of the colorless stimulus on the card. In this way, it may be said that CP is a response that requires creativity in its production, and that creativity can sometimes be so strong that it can deviate from reality.
On the other hand, there are also more than 30% of CP responses with shape as a determinant, but it is not clear whether these CP responses are associated with anxiety and unpleasant feelings like CP responses with shading. In the future, it will be necessary to compare CPs with different determinants.
Special Scores
Concerning the special score, almost half of CP responses contained certain deviations of cognition and thinking, and half of those indicated serious deviations (Level 2). In particular, DR was the special score most often seen with CP, and the serious level of DR (DR2) accounted for 40% of DR. These results indicated that people who produce CP could easily get absorbed in inner images and deviate the focus of attention from the card, with approximately 40% of such people showing considerably serious deviations from reality. On the other hand, MOR were scored in almost 30% of the CP responses. These results suggest that the traditional CP interpretation hypothesis of denial of unpleasant feelings may not be applicable to all CP or that the denial of unpleasant feelings is actually not working properly to defend the respondent from experiencing them.
Projected Colors
When considering whether the projected colors were appropriate for the content, we found that about 90% projected appropriate colors, while the remaining 10% projected inappropriate colors. CPs that deliberately projected colors that were not appropriate for the content may have been expressed as a result of integration failures, and it is possible that CPs that projected appropriate colors may be interpreted differently than CPs that projected appropriate colors.
In projected colors (hues), both red and brown were most frequently projected. In Japan, red is the more “preferred color” while brown is less preferred. Furthermore, various surveys from 1991 to 2008 showed that few people chose brown as their favorite color (Chijiiwa, 1999; Hanari & Takahashi, 2008; Japan Color Research Institute, 2011; Takahashi & Hanari, 2005). In color impression scores using the semantic difference scale (SD) based on research in color psychology and color dynamics, red had higher SD values for positive adjectives such as “bright,” “beautiful,” “pleasant,” and “happy,” whereas brown had lower SD values regardless of the time of the survey (1991, 1993, 1995; Japan Color Research Institute, 2011; Matsuoka, 1995). On the other hand, negative adjectives such as “dark,” “heavy,” “blurry,” and “dirty” have higher SD values in brown than in red. Thus, it seems to be necessary to consider carefully whether it is appropriate to apply the traditional interpretation of brown-projected CP as a negation of an unpleasant emotion. At this stage, although we cannot be certain, it is possible that CP may have psychological mechanisms other than the denial of unpleasant emotions, or, again, that despite trying to deny such emotions the resulting behavior falls short of achieving this scope.
Conclusion
The result that almost 60% of CPs were produced on Card I or VI suggested that CPs may be an initial shock response to achromatic or shading. Furthermore, nearly all of the CP responses were shown in the original position, and more than half of them were shown in W and DQo, suggesting that CP is a response to overall card impact and may be a coping mechanism that changes perception rather than changing behavior. As for special scores, almost half of the CP responses included some deviation in cognition or thinking, and half of them showed a serious level (Level 2). In addition, considering the fact that approximately 30% of CP responses were FQ- and included 10% of CPs that projected colors that were not consistent with the content of the response, it was also speculated that some CP may be a failure of cognition or thought integration. Furthermore, the fact that almost 30% of the CP responses were scored on MOR and that not all CPs projected beautiful or desirable colors suggest that the traditional CP interpretation hypothesis of denial of unpleasant affect may not apply to all CP responses. However, this conclusion cannot be determined based on this study alone, and further studies are needed in the future.
Limitations
The limitations of this study are the following. First, the study relied on the incidental occurrence of CP in clinical settings to collect CP. The low frequency of occurrence of CP made it difficult to collect CP in the usual research format of recruiting study participants. Therefore, the first author asked participants to be studied when the first author encountered a response that appeared to be CP in a clinical setting, and the second author scored the data with the participant’s consent. It is possible that this research setting may have acted as a bias in scoring the CPs and affected the score agreement rate. Second, because the study was conducted within the framework described above, there was no control group in the study. Third, there is a sample bias because the data were collected only in medical settings. Fourth, the data set was collected over a long period. Therefore, data from the Aoki case study (2009, 2013) were included.
It is necessary to further examine the characteristics of CP responses, such as the verbal expressions of affect in the explanation of CP responses, based on the findings of the present study, so as to accumulate the knowledge necessary to examine the validity of the interpretation of CP.
The data which we used in a previous publication (Aoki, 2013) are included in the data of this study. Portions of this article were originally presented at the 20th International Congress of Rorschach and Projective Methods in Tokyo, Japan, in 2011 and at the 22th International Congress of Rorschach and Projective Methods in Paris, France, in 2017.
This study is supported by the following researchers and clinicians. We would like to thank them for collecting CP dates, scoring, and helpful comments: Satoshi Ono, Yoshiyuki Takamura, Hatsue Numa, Noriko Nakamura, Munechika Ito, and Toshiki Ogawa.
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Summary
Color Projection (CP) is an extremely rare response in which chromatic color is projected onto an achromatic blot on the Rorschach and has been interpreted as a denial of unpleasant feelings. However, there are very few studies on CP.
The purpose of this study was to examine the basic features of CP, that is, to collect and discuss the basic findings on the characteristics with which CP appears, such as which card, position, location, development quality, form quality, determinants, contents, special score, and projected colors. Although the ultimate goal of this series of studies is to examine the interpretive validity of the CP, we assume that CP is at the stage of accumulating basic knowledge prior to the validation, since there is no basic knowledge on CP.
Japanese adult psychiatric patients (N = 37) participated in the study that was conducted between April 1995 and July 2017. A total of 68 CP responses produced in the Rorschach protocol by the participants were examined.
The result that almost 60% of CPs were produced on Card I or VI suggested that CPs may be an initial shock response to achromatic or shading. Furthermore, nearly all of the CP responses were shown in the original position, and more than half of them were shown in W and DQo, suggesting that CP is a response to overall card impact and may be a coping mechanism that changes perception rather than changing behavior. As for special scores, almost half of the CP responses included some deviation in cognition or thinking, and half of them showed a serious level (Level 2). In addition, considering the fact that approximately 30% of CP responses were FQ- and included 10% of CPs that projected colors that were not consistent with the content of the response, it was also speculated that some CP may be a failure of cognition or thought integration. Furthermore, the fact that almost 30% of the CP responses were scored on MOR and that not all CPs projected beautiful or desirable colors, as has been shown in previous studies, suggests that the traditional CP interpretation hypothesis of denial of unpleasant affect may not apply to all CP responses. However, this conclusion cannot be determined based on this study alone, and further studies are needed in the future.
要 約
CPはロールシャッハ図版の無彩色領域に有彩色が投影される極めて稀な反応であり、不快な感情の否定と解釈されてきた。しかし、CPに関する研究は極めて少ない。本研究の目的は、CPの出現した図版、位置、発達水準、形態水準、決定因、反応内容、特殊スコア、そして投影された色彩についての知見を収集し、CPの基本的特徴を検討することであった。この一連の研究の最終的な目的はCPの解釈的妥当性を検討することであるが、CPの基礎知識が不足しているため、検証に先立って基礎知識を蓄積している段階が必要である。
1995年4月から2017年7月までの間に実施された研究には、日本人成人精神科患者（N=37）が参加した。参加者がロールシャッハプロトコルで作成した68のCP回答を検討した。
その結果、6割近くのCPがカードIまたはVIで産出されたことから、CPは無彩色または陰影に対する初期ショック反応である可能性が示唆された。さらに、CPの反応のほぼ全てが元の位置で示され、半数以上がWとDQoで示されていたことから、CPはカード全体の衝撃に対する反応であり、行動を変えるというよりも認知を変える対処方略である可能性が示唆された。特殊スコアについては、CP反応のほぼ半数が認知や思考の何らかの逸脱を含み、その半数が深刻なレベル（レベル2）を示していた。また、CP反応の約3割がFQ-であり、反応内容と一致しない色を投影するCPが10％も含まれていたことを考慮すると、CPの中には認知や思考の統合に失敗しているものもあると推測された。さらに、CPの約30％がMORをスコアされていることや、先行研究で示されているように、すべてのCPに美しい色や好ましいとされている色を投影しているわけではないことから、従来のCP解釈仮説である「不快な感情の否定」がすべてのCPに当てはまらない可能性が示唆された。しかし、この結論は本研究だけでは判断できず、今後のさらなる研究が必要である。
Résumé
L’objectif de cette étude était d’examiner les caractéristiques de base de la PC, en d’autres termes, de recueillir et de discuter les conclusions de base sur les caractéristiques avec lesquelles la PC apparaît, telles que la carte, la position, l’emplacement, la qualité du développement, la qualité de la forme, les déterminants, le contenu, le score spécial et les couleurs projetées. Bien que l’objectif ultime de cette série d’études soit d’examiner la validité interprétative de la PC, nous supposons que les PC en sont au stade de l’accumulation des connaissances de base avant la validation, puisqu’il n’existe aucune connaissance de base de la PC.
Des patients psychiatriques japonais adultes (N = 37) ont participé à l’étude qui a été menée entre avril 1995 et juillet 2017. 68 réponses de CP produites dans le protocole de Rorschach par les participants ont été examinées.
Le résultat, à savoir que près de 60% des CP ont été produits sur la carte I ou VI, suggère que les CP peuvent être une première réponse de choc à l’achromatique ou à l’ombrage. En outre, presque toutes les réponses de PC ont été montrées dans la position initiale, et plus de la moitié d’entre elles ont été montrées en W et DQo, ce qui suggère que les PC sont une réponse à l’impact global de la carte et peuvent être un mécanisme d’adaptation qui modifie la perception plutôt que le comportement. En ce qui concerne les scores spéciaux, près de la moitié des réponses de PC comportaient un certain écart dans la cognition ou la pensée, et la moitié d’entre elles montraient un niveau sérieux (niveau 2). En outre, compte tenu du fait qu’environ 30% des réponses CP étaient FQ- et comprenaient 10% de CP qui projetaient des couleurs qui ne correspondaient pas au contenu de la réponse, il a également été supposé que certains CP pouvaient être un échec de l’intégration de la cognition ou de la pensée. En outre, le fait que près de 30% des réponses des PC ont été notées sur MOR et que tous les PC ne projetaient pas de belles couleurs ou des couleurs désirables, comme l’ont montré des études précédentes, suggère que l’hypothèse d’interprétation traditionnelle des PC, à savoir le déni d’un effet désagréable, ne s’applique peut-être pas à toutes les réponses des PC.
Resumen
El propósito de este estudio fue examinar las características básicas de la PC, es decir, recoger y discutir los hallazgos básicos sobre las características con las que aparece la PC, como qué tarjeta, posición, ubicación, calidad de desarrollo, calidad de la forma, determinantes, contenido, puntuación especial y colores proyectados. Aunque el objetivo final de esta serie de estudios es examinar la validez interpretativa del PC, asumimos que el PC se encuentra en la etapa de acumulación de conocimientos básicos antes de la validación, ya que no existe un conocimiento básico del PC.
Los pacientes psiquiátricos adultos japoneses (N = 37) participaron en el estudio que se llevó a cabo entre abril de 1995 y julio de 2017. Se examinaron 68 respuestas de PC producidas en el protocolo de Rorschach por los participantes.
El resultado de que casi el 60% de las PC se produjeron en la tarjeta I o VI sugirió que las PC pueden ser una respuesta inicial de choque a la acromática o al sombreado. Además, casi todas las respuestas de PC se mostraron en la posición original, y más de la mitad de ellas se mostraron en W y DQo, sugiriendo que la PC es una respuesta al impacto global de la tarjeta y puede ser un mecanismo de afrontamiento que cambia la percepción más que el comportamiento. En cuanto a las puntuaciones especiales, casi la mitad de las respuestas de PC incluyeron alguna desviación en la cognición o el pensamiento, y la mitad de ellas mostraron un nivel grave (nivel 2). Además, considerando el hecho de que aproximadamente el 30% de las respuestas de PC eran FQ- e incluían un 10% de PC que proyectaban colores que no eran consistentes con el contenido de la respuesta, también se especuló que algunos PC pueden ser una falla en la cognición o en la integración del pensamiento. Además, el hecho de que casi el 30% de las respuestas de PC se puntuaran en MOR y que no todos los PC proyectaran colores bonitos o deseables, como se ha demostrado en estudios anteriores, sugiere que la hipótesis tradicional de interpretación de PC de negación del afecto desagradable puede no aplicarse a todas las respuestas de PC.
