The genetic program of contemporary human beings is still that of hunters and gatherers of the Stone Age, dedicated to optimal storage of energy for physical activities in hunger periods. Life-style of humans living in western industrial countries however,...

Regular physical activity induces structural, electrical and functional cardiac adaptations. The main challenge for the athletes' physician is to distinguish abnormal structural changes of the heart from training-induced adaptations (so-called “athlete's ...

Laboratory analyses in sports medicine are relevant for three reasons: 1. In actively exercising individuals laboratory analysis are one of the central elements in the diagnosis of diseases and overreaching. 2. Regularly done laboratory analysis in ...

Dyspnoea is a common symptom of exercice intolerance. Tests performed at rest often leave the reason open. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a tool for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the cardio-circulatory, pulmonary and metabolic ...

Physical inactivity is one the biggest Public Health problems of the 21th century. Regular physical activity and sports can contribute to a reduction of overall mortality and morbidity and, thus, can have a considerable health impact for individuals as ...

The proportion of older people in western societies rapidly increases. Aging-induced disease conditions accompanied with declines in cardiocirculatory and neuromuscular performance constitute a major individual and economic health burden. Besides ...

Running can be performed as a sprint discipline on the track over a few meters up to 10 km to the marathon and ultramarathon running distances over hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Running performance is influenced by a variety of anthropometric and ...