Emotionale Belastungen bei Berufsmusikern und ihre Folgen
Eine neuropsychologische Erklärung
Abstract
Berufsmusiker, insbesondere wenn sie in Orchestern musizieren, die klassische Musik aufführen, repräsentieren eine besondere Berufsgruppe. Um ein beim Publikum und den Kollegen akzeptiertes Mindestmaß an Spielleistung zu erzielen, müssen sie ihr Talent durch ein erhebliches Maß an Training ausformen. Des Weiteren ist ihr Spiel unausweichlich einer ständigen Überprüfung unterworfen. Aus diesem Grunde scheinen Berufsmusiker bemerkenswert häufig unter Versagensängsten, Stress und Perfektionismus zu leiden. Diese emotionalen Zustände und Einstellungen werden heutzutage als Triggerfaktoren und/oder als Modulatoren von typischen Musikererkrankungen aufgefasst. Im Rahmen dieser Überblicksarbeit werden vor dem Hintergrund der enormen Trainingsanforderungen, welche an Berufsmusiker gestellt werden, die aus diesen defizitären emotionalen Zuständen und Einstellungen entstehenden chronifizierten Schmerzen des Bewegungsapparates und die fokalen Dystonien beschrieben. Beiden Störungsformen ist gemein, dass sie einem ähnlichen wenn nicht gleichen Lernmechanismus unterliegen. Beim chronifizierten Schmerz entwickelt sich ein besonderes Schmerzgedächtnis, während sie beim bei der fokalen Dystonie unangemessene motorische Programme entwickeln. Aufgrund dieser Befunde ist zu fordern, dass Berufsmusiker (wenn nötig) spezifische psychotherapeutische Hilfe und ein spezielles psychologische Coaching in Anspruch nehmen können.
Professional musicians – especially musicians performing classic music – are members of a very distinct professional group. In order to perform on a level, which is accepted by the audience and the colleagues they have to invest lots of time into practicing and rehearsal. A further very particular feature of their profession is that their performance can easily be controlled. This is most probably one of the reasons why professional musicians suffer so often from performance anxiety, stress and perfectionism. These emotional factors and preferences are currently viewed as triggering and/or modulating factors for some diseases, which are typical for musicians. In the context of this review I will discuss how the enormous amount of practice time and the typical emotional problems in musicians are responsible for two health problems in musicians, namely chronic pain and focal dystonia. For both pathologies generally it is proposed that similar neurophysiological mechanisms are responsible. Central to this mechanism is the modulating influence of stress hormones on the consolidation of a deficient pain memory (leading to chronic pain) and inadequate motor programs (leading to focal dystonia). Because of this it is necessary to call for specific psychotherapeutic treatment (if necessary) and psychological coaching of professional musicians.
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