Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Protagonisten des Fünf-Faktoren-Modells der Persönlichkeit vertreten häufig die Annahme, dass es sich bei den Big Five um gut replizierbare und unabhängige Faktoren handele. Diese Hypothesen werden am Beispiel der deutschen Version des revidierten NEO-Persönlichkeitsinventars (NEO-PI-R) und des Trierer Integrierten Persönlichkeitsinventars (TIPI) sowohl durch eine Literaturanalyse als auch in einer empirischen Studie an 255 Erwachsenen überprüft. Dabei gelangt eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse mit simultaner Bestimmung von fünf NEO-PI-R- und vier TIPI-Faktoren zur Anwendung. Es zeigt sich, dass - von Verfahren abgesehen, die explizit am Vorbild des NEO-PI-R orientiert sind - weder die vom NEO-PI-R erfassten Big Five in anderen diagnostischen Verfahren exakt repliziert werden noch die NEO-PI-R Big Five unabhängig sind.
Abstract. Many protagonists of the five factor model of personality assume that the Big Five are easily replicable and independent factors. These hypotheses are scrutinised by an analysis of the relevant literature and an empirical study with 255 adults in which the German version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Trier Integrated Personality Inventory (TIPI) were applied. The author uses a variant of confirmatory factor analysis in which five NEO-PI-R and four TIPI factors are simultaneously extracted. First, it is shown that the Big Five, as represented by the NEO-PI-R, are not exactly replicated in other diagnostic instruments apart from instruments that were modelled on the NEO-PI-R. Second, it is shown that the NEO-PI-R Big Five are not independent factors.
Literatur
Amelang, M. Bartussek, D. (2001). Differentielle Psychologie und Persönlichkeitsforschung (5., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage) . Stuttgart: KohlhammerBarbaranelli, C. Caprara, G. V. (2002). Studies of the Big Five Questionnaire. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 109-128). Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberBecker, P. (1999). Das Fünf-Faktoren-Modell der Persönlichkeit: Eine Zwischenbilanz. In W. Hacker & M. Rinck (Hrsg.), Zukunft gestalten. Bericht über den 41. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Dresden 1998 (S. 191-203). Lengerich: PabstBecker, P. (2002). Das Trierer Integrierte Persönlichkeitsinventar. Entwicklung des Verfahrens und vergleichende psychometrische Analysen nach dem ordinalen Rasch-Modell und der klassischen Testtheorie. Diagnostica, 48, 68– 79Becker, P. (2003). Das Trierer Integrierte Persönlichkeitsinventar TIPI. Testmanual . Göttingen: HogrefeBecker, P. Kupsch, M. (2002). The Four-plus-X Factor model for the description of normal and disordered personality as an alternative to the Five-Factor model: A test of two models. Trierer Psychologische Berichte, 29, Heft 1 Universität Trier. Fachbereich I-PsychologieBorkenau, P. Ostendorf, F. (1990). Comparing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: A study on the 5-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 515– 524Caruso, J. C. Cliff, N. (1997). An examination of the five-factor model of normal personality variation with reliable component analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 317– 325Cattell, R. B. (1995). The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere. The Psychologist, 8, 207– 208Church, A. T. Burke, P. J. (1994). Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the Big Five and Tellegen´s three- and four-dimensional models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 93– 114Costa, P. T. J. McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Professional Manual . Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment ResourcesCosta, P. T. J. McCrae, R. R. (1995). Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 21– 50De Raad, B. (2000). The Big Five Personality Factors. The psycholexical approach to personality . Göttingen: Hogrefe & HuberDe Raad, B. Perugini, M. (2002a). Big Five factor assessment: Introduction. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 1-26). Bern: Hogrefe & HuberDe Raad, B. Perugini, M. (2002b). Big Five Assessment . Bern: Hogrefe & HuberDigman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246– 1256Gerbing, D. W. Anderson, J. C. (1984). On the meaning of within-factor correlated measurement errors. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 572– 580Guadagnoli, E. Velicer, W. (1991). A comparison of pattern matching indices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 323– 343Hendriks, A. A. J. Hofstee, W. K. B. De Raad, B. (2002). The Five-Factor Personality Inventory: Assessing the Big Five by means of brief and concrete statements. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 79-108). Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberHofer, S. M. Eber, H. W. (2002). Second-order factor structure of the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 397-409). Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberHogan, R. Hogan, J. (2002). The Six Factor Personality Questionnaire. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment. Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberHu, L. Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424– 453Jackson, D. N. Tremblay, P. F. (2002). The Six Factor Personality Questionnaire. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 353-375). Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberJohn, O. P. Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality. Theory and research. 2nd Edition (pp. 102-138). New York: GuilfordMacCallum, R. C. Widaman, K. F. Zhang, S. Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84– 99Marsh, H. Balla, J. R. McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391– 410Maruyama, G. (1998). Basics of structural equation modelling . London: SageMcCrae, R. R. (1989). Why I advocate the Five-Factor Model: Joint factor analyses of the NEO-PI with other instruments. In D. M. Buss & N. Cantor (Eds.), Personality psychology (pp. 237-245). New York: SpringerMcCrae, R. R. Costa, P. T. J. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509– 516McCrae, R. R. John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175– 215McCrae, R. R. Zonderman, A. B. Costa, P. T. J. Bond, M. H. Paunonen, S. V. (1996). Evaluating replicability of factors in the revised NEO Personality Inventory : Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552– 566Mulaik, S. A. (1972). The foundations of factor analysis . New York: McGraw-HillOstendorf, F. Angleitner, A. (1994). A comparison of different instruments proposed to measure the Big Five. European Review of Applied Psychology, 44, 45– 53Ostendorf, F. Angleitner, A. (in Druck) NEO-Persönlichkeitsinventar nach Costa und McCrae, revidierte Form (NEO-PI-R) . Göttingen: HogrefePanter, A. T. Tanaka, J. S. Hoyle, R. H. (1994). Structural models for multimode designs in personality and temperament research. In C. R. Halverson, G. A. Kohnstamm & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 118-138). Hillsdale, NJ: ErlbaumParker, J. D. A. Bagby, R. M. Summerfeldt, L. J. (1993). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 463– 466Perugini, M. Di Blas, L. (2002). The Big Five Marker Scales (BFMS) and the Italian AB5C taxonomy: Analyses from an eticemic perspective. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 281-304). Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberSaucier, G. Goldberg, L. R. (2002). Assessing the Big Five: Applications of 10 psychometric criteria to the development of marker scales. In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 29-58). Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberSchutte, N. S. Malouff, J. M. Segrera, E. Wolf, A. Rodgers, L. (2003). States reflecting the Big Five dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 591– 603Trull, T. J. Widiger, T. A. (2002). The Structured Interview for the Five Factor Model of Personality (SIFFM). In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 147-170). Seattle: Hogrefe & HuberWalker, A. J. (1997). Thesaurus of psychological index terms. Eighth edition . Washington: American Psychological Association