Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Grundlagen

Exekutive Funktionen bei Jungen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Kindesalter

Published Online:July 15, 2009https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403.18.3.144

Abstract

Die Studie ging der Frage nach, ob die uneinheitlichen Befunde zu einem globalen Defizit in exekutiven Funktionen bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) durch Altersunterschiede erklärt werden können. Es wurde ein zweifaktorieller Versuchsplan mit den Faktoren „Gruppe“ (n = 45 Jungen mit ADHS vom Mischtyp vs. n = 45 gesunde, nach Alter und Intelligenz parallelisierte Jungen) und „Alter“ (8 – 9 vs. 10 – 12 Jahre) untersucht. Insgesamt zeigten die Jungen mit ADHS in allen exekutiven Komponenten signifikant schlechtere Leistungen als die gesunden Jungen. Außerdem wiesen die jüngeren Jungen schlechtere exekutive Leistungen auf als die älteren Jungen. Demnach sprechen unsere Befunde für ein globales Defizit in den exekutiven Funktionen und für die Annahme einer Entwicklungsabweichung bei Jungen mit ADHS.


Executive functions among male children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

This study aimed to investigate whether inconclusive results concerning a generalized executive function deficit among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be explained by age differences. A two-factorial design with the between-subjects factors “group” (n = 45 boys with ADHD combined subtype vs. n = 45 healthy boys matched by age and verbal intelligence) and “age group” (8 – 9 vs. 10 – 12 years) was applied. Boys with ADHD showed impairments in all executive functions compared to healthy controls. Moreover, younger boys performed worse than older boys in all tasks. Thus, results support a general deficit in executive functions and a developmental deviation model.

Literatur

  • Anderson, V. (2002). Executive functions in children: Introduction. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 69 – 70. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Banaschewski, T. , Roessner, V. , Uebel, H. , Rothenberger, A. (2004). Neurobiologie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS). Kindheit und Entwicklung, 13, 180 – 189. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65 – 94. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bental, B. , Tirosh, E. (2007). The relationship between attention, executive functions and reading domain abilities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 455 – 463. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Berlin, L. , Bohlin, G. , Nyberg, L. , Janols, L.-O. (2004). How well do measures of inhibition and other executive functions discriminate between children with ADHD and controls? Child Neuropsychology, 10, 1 – 13. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1215 – 1220. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Biederman, J. , Petty, C. R. , Doyle, A. E. , Spencer, T. , Henderson, C. S. , Marion, B. , Fried, R. , Faraone, S.. V (2008). Stability of executive function deficits in girls with ADHD: A prospective longitudinal follow-up study into adolescence. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 44 – 61. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Davidson, M. C. , Amso, D. , Anderson, L. C. , Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2037 – 2078. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Desman, C. , Petermann, F. (2005). Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS): Wie valide sind die Subtypen? Kindheit und Entwicklung, 14, 244 – 254. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Desman, C. , Petermann, F. , Hampel, P. (2008). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Deficit in an executive versus motivational inhibition process? Child Neuropsychology, 14, 483 – 503. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Drechsler, R. , Brandeis, D. , Földényi, M. , Imhof, K. , Steinhausen, H.-C. (2005). The course of neuropsychological functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from late childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 824 – 836. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fuggetta, G. P. (2006). Impairment of executive functions in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity. Child Neuropsychology, 12, 1 – 21. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Geurts, H. M. , Verté, S. , Oosterlaan, J. , Roeyers, H. , Sergeant, J. A. (2004). How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 836 – 854. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Geurts, H. M. , Verté, S. , Oosterlaan, J. , Roeyers, H. , Sergeant, J. A. (2005). ADHD subtypes: Do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 457 – 477. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hampel, P. , Desman, C. (2006). Stressverarbeitung und Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 55, 425 – 443. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hampel, P. , Manhal, S. , Roos, T. , Desman, C. (2008). Interpersonal coping among boys with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 427 – 436. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hampel, P. , Mohr, B. (2006). Exekutive Funktionen bei Jungen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung. Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie, 17, 155 – 166. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Happe, F. , Booth, R. , Charlton, R. , Hughes, C. (2006). Executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Examining profiles across domains and ages. Brain and Cognition, 61, 25 – 39. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Heaton, R. K. , Chelune, G. J. , Talley, J. L. , Kay, G. G. , Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Huizinga, M. , Dolan, C.. V , van der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2017 – 2036. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jacobs, C. , Petermann, F. (2007). Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen bei Kindern. Langzeiteffekte des neuropsychologischen Gruppenprogramms ATTENTIONER. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 16, 40 – 49. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Jacobs, C. , Petermann, F. (2008). Aufmerksamkeitstherapie bei Kindern – Langzeiteffekte des ATTENTIONERS. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugenpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 36, 411 – 417. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Jurado, M. B. , Rosselli, M. (2007). The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 213 – 233. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Klasen, H. , Woerner, W. , Wolke, D. , Meyer, R. , Overmeyer, S. , Kaschnitz, W. , Rothenberger, A. , Goodman, R. (2000). Comparing the German versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-DEU) and the Child Behavior Checklist. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 271 – 276. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kliegel, M. , Kerber U. (2005). Planen und prospektives Erinnern von Absichten bei Kindern mit einer hyperkinetischen Störung. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 14, 103 – 111. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Krain, A. L. , Castellanos, F. X. (2006). Brain development and ADHD. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 433 – 444. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Li, J.-Y. , Zou, X.-B. , Jing, J. (2005). Studies of the executive function profiles in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 19, 162 – 165. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nigg, J. T. (2005). Neuropsychologic theory and findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The state of the field and salient challenges for the coming decade. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1424 – 1435. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Nigg, J. T. , Blaskey, L. G. , Huang-Pollock, C. L. , Rappley, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 59 – 66. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pennington, B. F. , Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51 – 87. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Petermann, F. , Lepach, A. C. (2007). Klinische Kinderneuropsychologie. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 16, 1 – 6. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Regard, M. , Strauss, E. , Knapp, P. (1982). Childrenʼs production on verbal and nonverbal fluency tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 839 – 844. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Reitan, R. M. (1979). Trail Making Test (TMT). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Romine, C. B. , Reynolds, C. R. (2005). A model of the development of frontal lobe functioning: Findings from a meta-analysis. Applied Neuropsychology, 12, 190 – 201. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schellig, D. (1997). Block-Tapping-Test (BTT). Frankfurt/Main: Swets Test System. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schmidt, S. , Petermann, F. (2008). Entwicklungspsychopathologie der ADHS. Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 56, 265 – 274. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Seidman, L. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 466 – 485. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Seidman, L. , Biederman, J. , Monuteaux, M. , Valera, E. , Doyle, A. , Faraone, S. (2005). Impact of gender and age on executive functioning: Do girls and boys with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder differ neuropsychologically in preteen and teenage years? Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 79 – 105. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1248 – 1255. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1231 – 1238. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Steinhausen, H.-C. (1995). Hyperkinetische Störungen – eine klinische Einführung. In H.-C. Steinhausen, (Hrsg.) , Hyperkinetische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (S. 11 – 33). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Stevens, J. , Quittner, A. , Zuckerman, J. B. , Moore, S. (2002). Behavioral inhibition, self-regulation of motivation, and working memory in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 21, 117 – 139. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Strauss, E. , Sherman, E. M. S. , Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tewes, U. , Rossmann, P. , Schallberger, U. (Hrsg.). (1999). Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder III (HAWIK-III). Bern: Huber. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ufer, K. (2000). Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) (Dt. Übersetzung der Originalversion von Wilson et al., 1996). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wahlstedt, C. , Thorell, L.-B. , Bohlin, G. (2008). ADHD symptoms and executive function impairment: Early predictors of later behavioral problems. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 160 – 178. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Weiß, R. H. (1998). Culture Fair Intelligence Test, Scale 2 (CFT 20) (4. Aufl.). Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Willcutt, E. G. , Doyle, A. E. , Nigg, J. T. , Faraone, S. V. , Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336 – 1346. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar