The Insect-Nonword IAT Revisited
Dissociating Between Evaluative Associations and Recoding
Abstract
In 2001, Brendl and colleagues reported a reversed compatibility effect for an insect-nonword Implicit Association Test (IAT), apparently indicating more positive attitudes for insects than for neutral nonwords and therefore calling into question the validity of the IAT. According to a prominent alternative account of IAT effects, this reversed effect reflects task recoding based on salience asymmetries. To disentangle the contributions of associations and recoding, we analyzed data of an insect-nonword IAT with the ReAL model and discovered that (1) recoding is responsible for the unexpected direction of this IAT effect and (2) insects still activated negative associations. Applying the ReAL model helps to avoid misleading interpretations of IAT effects by providing independent estimates for different processes within an IAT.
References
1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 22, 261–295. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90201-3
(2001). How do indirect measures of evaluation work? Evaluating the inference of prejudice in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 760–773. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.760
(2011). Discriminating between the effects of valence and salience in the Implicit Association Test. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 2251–2275. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2011.586782
(2009). Processing fluency as a predictor of salience asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 2030–2054. doi: 10.1080/17470210802651737
(2009). Pooling data versus averaging model fits for some prototypical multinomial processing tree models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53, 562–576. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2009.06.005
(2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The Quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469–487. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469
(2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443–451. doi: 10.1006/jesp.2000.1464
(2003). The extrinsic affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology, 50, 77–85. doi: 10.1026/1618-3169.50.2.77
(2005). The Implicit Association Test as a general measure of similarity. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 228–239. doi: 10.1037/h0087478
(1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229
(2010). When old and frail is not the same: Dissociating category and stimulus effects in four implicit attitude measurement methods. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 479–498. doi: 10.1080/17470210903049963
(2010). Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
(2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85–93. doi: 10.1026/0949-3946.48.2.85
(2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
(2006). Two bases of the compatibility effect in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 2102–2120. doi: 10.1080/17470210500451141
(2006). Hierarchical multinomial processing tree models: A latent-class approach. Psychometrika, 71, 7–31. doi: 10.1007/s11336-004-1188-3
(2010). Hierarchical multinomial processing tree models: A latent-trait approach. Psychometrika, 75, 70–98. doi: 10.1007/s11336-009-9141-0
(2005). Task-set inertia, attitude accessibility, and compatibility-order effects: New evidence for a task-set switching account of the Implicit Association Test effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 208–217. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271416
(2007). Process components of the Implicit Association Test: A diffusion-model analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 353–368. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.353
(2013). Estimating the contributions of associations and recoding in the Implicit Association Test: The ReAL model for the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 45–69. doi: 10.1037/a0030734
(2001). Implicit association measurement with the IAT: Evidence for effects of executive control processes. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 107–122. doi: 10.1026/0949-3946.48.2.107
(2003). Method-specific variance in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1180–1192. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1180
(2004). Mere acceptance produces apparent attitude in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 366–373. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.003
(1995). Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 207–231. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.124.2.207
(2009). Minimizing the influence of recoding in the Implicit Association Test: The Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (IAT-RF). The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 84–98. doi: 10.1080/17470210701822975
(2001). Figure-ground asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 94–106. doi: 10.1026/0949-3946.48.2.94
(2004). Underlying processes in the Implicit Association Test: Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 139–165. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.139
(2005). Validity of the salience asymmetry account of the Implicit Association Test: Reply to Greenwald, Nosek, Banaji, and Klauer (2005). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 426–430. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.3.426
(2008). A hierarchical process-dissociation model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 370–389. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.370
(2008). Assessing individual differences in categorical data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 713–731. doi: 10.3758/PBR.15.4.713
(2006). Multinomiale Verarbeitungsbaummodelle in der Sozialpsychologie
([Multinominal processing tree models in social psychology] . Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 37, 161–171. doi: 10.1024/0044-3514.37.3.1612007). HMMTree: A computer program for latent-class hierarchical multinomial processing tree models. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 267–273.
(1977). Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
(