Adrenal incidentalomas (AI) are defined as neoplasias of the adrenal of =/> 1 cm diameter randomly diagnosed in radiographic imaging such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In literature, their prevalence ranges from 0.81 % ...

Incidentally detected adrenal masses occur frequently especially in the elderly. This is due to technical advances as well as to widespread use of radiologic imaging performed for other reasons. After discovery of an adrenal mass two major questions arise:...

Computed tomography (CT) is an important and increasingly employed tool for investigating acute and chronic thoracic symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath and chest pain. The differential diagnosis is large – from cardiac diseases, parenchymal lung ...

Alone a carotid bruit by itself may have limited clinical value. If a physician hears a carotid bruit by auscultation, it may lead to further exams, such as neurovascular ultrasound, what will eventually disclose an asymptomatic stenosis of the carotid ...

An irregular pulse is a common finding in daily clinical practice. The underlying rhythm disorders are influenced by the patient's age, cardiac history and other comorbidities. It is of paramount importance to discriminate benign discoveries from ...

Elevated transaminases in asymptomatic patients can be detected in more than 5 % of the investigations. If there are no obvious reasons, the finding should be confirmed within the next 3 months. Frequent causes are non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)...

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance and thus a common “incidental laboratory finding” in hospitalized as well as ambulatory patients. Acute hyponatremia mostly causes clear neurological symptoms. In contrast, mild chronic hyponatremia ...

Proteinuria is a common incidental finding in primary care. A systematic approach is necessary to differentiate benign causes of proteinuria from severe kidney diseases. Glomerular proteinuria is the predominant pathophysiologic mechanism of the three ...