Is the Negative Priming Effect a Reliable Measure of Individual Differences in Cognitive Inhibition?Summary: In cognitive psychology negative priming (NP) experiments were developed to assess inhibitory functions. NP, defined as a slowed reaction on ...
Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their ...
Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über individuelle Unterschiede bei der Lösung komplexer Probleme. Betrachtet werden Unterschiede in Wissen und Fertigkeiten, in Parametern der Informationsverarbeitung und in motivationalen Variablen. Das ...
Preference for Intuition and Deliberation (PID): An Inventory for Assessing Affect- and Cognition-Based Decision-MakingAbstract: People differ in the way they make decisions: Some people prefer intuitive decision making, while others prefer a deliberate, ...
Six experiments are presented that examined the constraints underlying performance in two visuo-spatial span tasks. In the Location Span Test (LST), participants have to memorize the cells of a 5×5 matrix containing arrows, while in the Direction Span ...
The present research investigated the relationship between individual differences in visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) and wayfinding performance in adults. Forty participants completed a battery of tasks measuring VSWM (Mental Rotation Task, Corsi ...
Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) show differences between individuals with low-WMC and individuals with high-WMC. This extreme-group design was used to address relationships between individual differences in ...
In order to model within-person (WP) variance in a reaction time task, we applied a mixed location scale model using 335 participants from the second wave of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging. The age of the respondents and the performance ...
Intensive measurement burst designs permit analysis of behavioral and biological processes as they unfold over short and long periods of time and providing the opportunity to identify change from an individual’s normative level of functioning. The ...
Is there any need for German Language Journals on Psychological Assessment, Personality, and Individual Differences?Abstract.Leutner (1999) analyzed the publication habits of German spoken authors. Two tendencies showed up: (1) Articles on instruments ...
Development of a questionnaire for measuring perceived emotional intelligence: attention to, clarity, and repair of emotionsAbstract. Based on the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey & Palfai, 1995) a German questionnaire was ...
Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat die Entstehung interindividueller Unterschiede in der Entwicklung des aussagenlogischen Denkens zum Gegenstand. Dabei wird das Verhältnis zwischen der individuellen Entwicklung und den Bedingungen der ...
Preactivation of particular content categories in memory yields latency differences in a visual recognition task. Two Internet studies demonstrate this content category superiority effect (CCSE). Target words are repeatedly flashed for 400 ms and then ...
Zusammenfassung. Selbstauskünfte leisten bedeutsame Beiträge zur Aufklärung interindividueller Unterschiede in der räumlichen Orientierung. Es wird über die Entwicklung und Validierung des deutschen Fragebogens Räumliche Strategien (FRS) berichtet, der ...
Methodological Comments and Application Fields of Fear Conditioning in Different Psychological DisciplinesAbstract. Fear conditioning represents an important paradigm for investigating emotional learning and memory processes. With a history of about 100 ...
Psychological adjustment and school achievement during transition from elementary to secondary schoolAbstract. School transition from elementary to secondary school is often considered a critical life event typically requiring several readjustments. The ...
Zusammenfassung. Texte und Bilder stellen weitverbreitete Repräsentationsformen bei der Wissensvermittlung dar. Neuere computerbasierte Lehr- und Lernumgebungen bieten die Möglichkeit, die Textinformation als Hörtext oder als Lesetext anzubieten. Bislang ...
Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs)–beliefs that an unhealthy behavior can
be compensated for by a healthy behavior–can be distinguished into
trait and state beliefs. Trait CHBs are stable individual differences, whereas
state CHBs are activated in a ...
Effects of Familiarizing Children With Objects on Their Early Gestural Behavior: Individual Differences in 16-Month-Old ChildrenAbstract. There is ongoing discussion on the function of the early production of gestures with regard to whether they reduce ...
The project aims at an analysis of interactions of personality variables and individual peculiarities of self-regulation of one's voluntary activity. A questionnaire to diagnose individual peculiarities of self-regulation has been developed. It includes ...
Subject’s state during the experiment and his or her perception of the experimental procedure are usually ignored, although they may potentially considerably change the pattern of results. In this study, the effect of subject’s state on cortical ...
The dual mechanisms of control theory (DMC; Braver & Barch, 2002) assumes that age-related changes in the temporal structure of context processing underlie age differences in numerous cognitive control tasks. Younger adults usually exhibit a proactive ...
Abstract. The aim of this study was to verify if selected temperament traits may be useful as predictors of motor imagery brain-computer interface (BCI) performance. In our experiment, 40 BCI-naive subjects were instructed to imagine the movement of ...
Abstract. The amplitude and latency of the P3 component in the electroencephalogram (EEG) event-related potentials (ERPs) are among the most extensively used markers for individual differences in normal and abnormal brain functions. In contrast, ...
Since Ogden's 1993 study, the concept of restrained eating as measured by the restrained eating scale of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ-R) has been further explored. In the present study, as in Ogden's study, most subjects did not ...
Individual differences in working memory capacity are related to a variety of behaviors both within and outside of the lab. Recently developed automated complex span tasks have contributed to increasing our knowledge concerning working memory capacity by ...
Duration discrimination in the range of milliseconds is essential for various aspects of behavior and individual differences. The present paper addresses important methodological issues, such as type of stimuli, type of task, method for threshold ...
The paper investigates whether self-report and performance measures of executive control yield comparable results. We report an empirical study in which the answers to a self-report questionnaire on executive control were compared with the results of ...
Abstract. Little longitudinal research has addressed the question of whether the Big Five personality traits (i.e., O, C, E, A, N) predict educational outcomes and whether the Big Five provide incremental predictive validity for ...
Early stress research tended to focus on the situational determinants of coping behavior, overlooking individual differences in responses. In this article an interactional approach to the description and explanation of coping with stress is suggested. It ...
The effect of various circumstances known to moderate willingness to forgive was studied in a sample of adults whose ages ranged from 18 to 90 years. The factorial structure of these circumstances was shown, as well as the link between age and the ...
Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) refers to the finding that the retrieval of an item from memory impairs the retrieval of related items. The extent to which this impairment is found in laboratory tests varies between individuals, and recent studies have ...
The purpose of this study was to examine whether and how individual differences contribute to the translation of perceived group discrimination into perceived personal discrimination. One hundred forty-five Pontic Greek and 269 Albanian students (mean age ...
Abstract. Recent progress in neuroscience has made it possible to use neurophysiological techniques to validate and deepen the interpretation of Rorschach variables. The aim of this article is to review the results from Rorschach studies ...
Abstract. The Rorschach Test has evolved from an idiosyncratic projective personality test to an evidence-based performance test used widely in forensic settings. The current paper argues that Rorschach researchers should consider the role of two related ...
Abstract. Neuropsychological evidence has given rise to alternative models on brain asymmetry in emotion, each with different implications concerning the biological basis of individual differences in affective responses. The present study tested these ...
Abstract. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), an inconspicuous, but sexually differentiated anatomical trait (men present lower 2D:4D than women), has received intense research interest recently. Fairly strong evidence points to 2D:4D as a biomarker ...
In emotion research, affective pictures are limited in their ability to elicit discrete emotions. The current study attempted to elicit anger using pictures and a person by image-content interactional strategy. In two studies, undergraduates who varied ...
Studies have shown that regular drinkers respond to alcohol-related stimuli with increases in urge to drink and changes in affect. Evidence indicates that there is individual variability in responses to alcohol-related cues. The current study aimed to ...
The Motion Picture Mind Reading (MPMR) Test is a novel naturalistic mind-reading task, designed to measure individual differences in a young adult population in Japan. Short scenes from TV films showing characters in social situations were presented to ...
Accurate identification of emotional expressions is important to social interaction. We examined the relations among shyness, sociability, and the accuracy of categorization of facial expression of emotions in a sample of 127 undergraduates. Individual ...
Theorists have long maintained that people react to major life events but then eventually return to a setpoint of subjective well-being. Yet prior research is inconclusive regarding the extent of interindividual variability. Recent theoretical models ...
Previous studies showed that extraversion influences social network size. However, it is unclear how extraversion affects the size of different layers of the network, and how extraversion relates to the emotional intensity of social relationships. We ...
This experiment investigated the relationship between mental rotation and sport training. Undergraduate university students (n = 62) completed the Mental Rotation Test (Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978), before and after a 10-month training in two different sports,...
Crying is a powerful solicitation of caregiving, yet little is known about the cognitive processes underpinning caring responses to crying others. This study examined (1) whether crying (compared to sad and happy) faces differentially elicited semantic ...
The study concerns the measurement of individual differences in the automatic processing of affective stimuli within an affective priming paradigm. Automatic processing measures, termed processing tendencies, were defined by parcels composed of difference ...
High-order cognitive functions require the integration of information across functionally related modules. This relationship suggests that cognitive ability is related to the efficiency and processing speed of basic integrative function. In order to ...
Whereas a small number of studies have focused on the impact of extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism on the way people communicate, little is known about how the big five personality traits relate to individual differences in the specific types of ...
The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual ...
This research examined differences in the perception of emotion words as a function of individual differences in subclinical levels of depression and anxiety. Participants completed measures of depression and anxiety and performed a lexical decision task ...